{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T09:29:30Z","timestamp":1776504570691,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,29]],"date-time":"2012-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Given high urbanization rates and increasing spatio-temporal variability in many present-day cities, exposure information is often out-of-date, highly aggregated or spatially fragmented, increasing the uncertainties associated with seismic risk assessments. This work therefore aims at using space-based technologies to estimate, complement and extend exposure data at multiple scales, over large areas and at a comparatively low cost for the case of the city of Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. At a neighborhood scale, an analysis of urban structures using medium-resolution optical satellite images is performed. Applying image classification and change-detection analysis to a time-series of Landsat images, the urban environment can be delineated into areas of relatively homogeneous urban structure types, which can provide a first estimate of an exposed building stock (e.g., approximate age of structures, composition and distribution of predominant building types). At a building-by-building scale, a more detailed analysis of the exposed building stock is carried out using a high-resolution Quickbird image. Furthermore, the multi-resolution datasets are combined with census data to disaggregate population statistics. The tools used within this study are being developed on a free- and open-source basis and aim at being transparent, usable and transferable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi1010069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,29]],"date-time":"2012-05-29T11:48:24Z","timestamp":1338292104000},"page":"69-88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Exposure Estimation from Multi-Resolution Optical Satellite Imagery for Seismic Risk Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Marc","family":"Wieland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4940-3444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Pittore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Parolai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Zschau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Development of seismic vulnerability assessment methodologies over the past 30 years","volume":"43","author":"Calvi","year":"2006","journal-title":"ISET J. 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