{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]],"date-time":"2025-11-23T18:44:32Z","timestamp":1763923472988,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University","award":["512191012)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["512191012)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The city landscape is largely related to the design concept and aesthetics of planners. Influenced by globalization, planners and architects have borrowed from available designs, resulting in the \u201cone city with a thousand faces\u201d phenomenon. In order to create a unique urban landscape, they need to focus on local urban characteristics while learning new knowledge. Therefore, it is particularly important to explore the characteristics of cities\u2019 landscapes. Previous researchers have studied them from different perspectives through social media data such as element types and feature maps. They only considered the content information of a image. However, social media images themselves have a \u201cphotographic cultural\u201d character, which affects the city character. Therefore, we introduce this characteristic and propose a deep style learning for the city landscape method that can learn the global landscape features of cities from massive social media images encoded as vectors called city style features (CSFs). We find that CSFs can describe two landscape features: (1) intercity landscape features, which can quantitatively assess the similarity of intercity landscapes (we find that cities in close geographical proximity tend to have greater visual similarity to each other), and (2) intracity landscape features, which contain the inherent style characteristics of cities, and more fine-grained internal-city style characteristics can be obtained through cluster analysis. We validate the effectiveness of the above method on over four million Flickr social media images. The method proposed in this paper also provides a feasible approach for urban style analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10110734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:21:34Z","timestamp":1635805294000},"page":"734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Analysis of the Uniqueness and Similarity of City Landscapes Based on Deep Style Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6103-1113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Art, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6933-3394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liyan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0144-2524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Relph, E. 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