{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T11:57:09Z","timestamp":1784289429707,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"No. B\/496\/IT9.C\/PT.01.03\/2021","award":["No. B\/496\/IT9.C\/PT.01.03\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. B\/496\/IT9.C\/PT.01.03\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Blue carbon ecosystems are key for successful global climate change mitigation; however, they are one of the most threatened ecosystems on Earth. Thus, this study mapped the climatic and human pressures on the blue carbon ecosystems in Indonesia using multi-source spatial datasets. Data on moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) ocean color standard mapped images, VIIRS (visible, infrared imaging radiometer suite) boat detection (VBD), global artificial impervious area (GAIA), MODIS surface reflectance (MOD09GA), MODIS land surface temperature (MOD11A2), and MODIS vegetation indices (MOD13A2) were combined using remote sensing and spatial analysis techniques to identify potential stresses. La Ni\u00f1a and El Ni\u00f1o phenomena caused sea surface temperature deviations to reach \u22120.5 to +1.2 \u00b0C. In contrast, chlorophyll-a deviations reached 22,121 to +0.5 mg m\u22123. Regarding fishing activities, most areas were under exploitation and relatively sustained. Concerning land activities, mangrove deforestation occurred in 560.69 km2 of the area during 2007\u20132016, as confirmed by a decrease of 84.9% in risk-screening environmental indicators. Overall, the potential pressures on Indonesia\u2019s blue carbon ecosystems are varied geographically. The framework of this study can be efficiently adopted to support coastal and small islands zonation planning, conservation prioritization, and marine fisheries enhancement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10110778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T08:19:20Z","timestamp":1636964360000},"page":"778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Assessing Potential Climatic and Human Pressures in Indonesian Coastal Ecosystems Using a Spatial Data-Driven Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0222-4748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam Irwansyah","family":"Fauzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Regional and Infrastructure Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia"},{"name":"Research and Innovation Center for Geospatial Information Science, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia"},{"name":"Geospatial Institute for Sustainability Action, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7379-1777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anjar Dimara","family":"Sakti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geospatial Institute for Sustainability Action, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"},{"name":"Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Science Research Group, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"},{"name":"Center for Remote Sensing, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balqis Falah","family":"Robbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Regional and Infrastructure Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia"},{"name":"Research and Innovation Center for Geospatial Information Science, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia"},{"name":"Geospatial Institute for Sustainability Action, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mita","family":"Ristiyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Regional and Infrastructure Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia"},{"name":"Research and Innovation Center for Geospatial Information Science, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia"},{"name":"Geospatial Institute for Sustainability Action, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahiska Tisa","family":"Agustin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Regional and 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Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nova","family":"Anika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raden","family":"Putra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8195-4663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diyanti Isnani","family":"Siregar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Budhi Agung","family":"Prasetyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Environmental Science, 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