{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T22:30:51Z","timestamp":1777933851168,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project","award":["2020YFB1806500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFB1806500"]}]},{"name":"Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["ZDRW-XH-2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDRW-XH-2021-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a typical cybercrime, cyber fraud poses severe threats to civilians\u2019 property safety and social stability. Traditional criminological theories such as routine activity theory focus mainly on the effects of individual characteristics on cybercrime victimization and ignore the impacts of macro-level environmental factors. This study aims at exploring the spatiotemporal pattern of cyber fraud crime in China and investigating the relationships between cyber fraud and environmental factors. The results showed that cyber fraud crimes were initially distributed in southeastern China and gradually spread towards the middle and northern regions; spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that the spatial concentration trend of cyber fraud became more and more strong, and a strong distinction in cyber fraud clustering between the north and the south was identified. To further explain the formative causes of these spatial patterns, a generalized additive model (GAM) was constructed by incorporating natural and social environmental factors. The results suggested that the distribution of cyber fraud was notably affected by the regional economy and population structure. Also, the high incidence of cyber fraud crime was closely associated with a large nonagricultural population, a high proportion of tertiary industry in GDP, a large number of general college students, a longer cable length, and a large numbers of internet users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10120802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T04:48:37Z","timestamp":1638247717000},"page":"802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Spatiotemporal Pattern and Driving Factors of Cyber Fraud Crime in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3623-1532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuai","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cyberspace Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences and The Ministry of Public Security of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chundong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cyberspace Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences and The Ministry of Public Security of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4154-5969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cyberspace Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences and The Ministry of Public Security of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cyberspace Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences and The Ministry of Public Security of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangyu","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cyberspace Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences and The Ministry of Public Security of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cyberspace Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences and The Ministry of Public Security of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shize","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6954-0035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shunde","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-019-1698-7","article-title":"Theoretical basis and technical methods of cyberspace geography","volume":"29","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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