{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T19:17:11Z","timestamp":1770491831674,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Information models from the domains Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Urban Information Modeling (UIM) are generally considered as information silos due to their heterogeneous character. These information silos can be bridged through linking where corresponding objects are identified and linked subsequently. However, whether two objects are considered as corresponding might depend on the scenario for which the links are created. The dependency of the link creation and the scenario refers to the term contextual linking and is analyzed in this paper with respect to building and city models. Therefore, different situational aspects influencing the link creation are discussed. Afterwards, the issue of contextual linking is demonstrated based on three different integration scenarios. In summary, this paper has three major outcomes: First, this paper introduces an application-oriented perspective on information integration and emphasize the role of the application when linking heterogeneous information models. Second, this paper shows that linking heterogeneous information models from the domains BIM and UIM at instance level depends on the scenario. Third, the results of the discourse about contextual linking serve as a framework supporting the design and development of artifacts for linking heterogeneous information models from the domains BIM and UIM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10120807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T22:01:11Z","timestamp":1638309671000},"page":"807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Analyzing Contextual Linking of Heterogeneous Information Models from the Domains BIM and UIM"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5407-6129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan F.","family":"Beck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Chair of Geoinformatics, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8100-9861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jimmy","family":"Abualdenien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7152-8935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ihab H.","family":"Hijazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Geoinformatics, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Planning and Cities Technologies Engineering, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2088-7254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Borrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1456-0423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas H.","family":"Kolbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Geoinformatics, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-VI-4-W1-2020-21-2020","article-title":"The need for a differentiation between heterogeneous information integration approaches in the field of BIM-GIS Integration: A literature review","volume":"6","author":"Beck","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Kolbe, T.H. (2017). Integration of Building and Urban Information Modeling\u2014Opportunities and Integration Approaches. Geoinformationssysteme 2017: Beitr\u00e4ge zur 4. M\u00fcnchner GI-Runde, Wichmann."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, W., Goodchild, M.F., Batty, M., Kwan, M.-P., and Zhang, A. (2021). Semantic 3D City Modeling and BIM. Urban Informatics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-8983-6"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"46","article-title":"Conceptual Requirements for the Automatic Reconstruction of Building Information Models from Uninterpreted 3D Models","volume":"38","author":"Nagel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"12","article-title":"Bridging the gap between GIS and CAAD: Geometry, referencing, representations, standards and semantic modelling","volume":"18","author":"Kolbe","year":"2004","journal-title":"GIM Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zlatanova, S., and Prosperi, D. (2005). Bridging the Worlds of CAD and GIS. Large-scale 3D Data Integration, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420036282"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"33","article-title":"GIM and BIM","volume":"88","author":"Herle","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Geoinform. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borrmann, A., K\u00f6nig, M., Koch, C., and Beetz, J. (2015). 3D-Stadtmodellierung: CityGML. Building Information Modeling: Technologische Grundlagen und industrielle Praxis, Springer Vieweg.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-05606-3"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2005.06.001","article-title":"An ontological engineering approach for integrating CAD and GIS in support of infrastructure management","volume":"20","author":"Peachavanish","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karimi, H.A., and Akinci, B. (2009). CAD and GIS Interoperability through Semantic Web Services. CAD and GIS Integration, Auerbach Publications.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420068061"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.12.026","article-title":"Interlinking geospatial and building geometry with existing and developing standards on the web","volume":"103","author":"McGlinn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karan, E.P., Irizarry, J., and Haymaker, J. (2016). BIM and GIS Integration and Interoperability Based on Semantic Web Technology. J. Comput. Civ. Eng., 30.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000519"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hor, A.-H., Sohn, G., Claudio, P., Jadidi, M., and Afnan, A. (2018). A Semantic Graph Database for BIM-GIS Integrated Information Model for an Intelligent Urban Mobility Web Application. ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., 4.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-IV-4-89-2018"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGlinn, K., Brennan, R., Debruyne, C., Meehan, A., McNerney, L., Clinton, E., Kelly, P., and O\u2019Sullivan, D. (2021). Publishing authoritative geospatial data to support interlinking of building information models. Autom. Constr., 124.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103534"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stepien, M., Vonthron, A., and K\u00f6nig, M. (July, January 30). An Approach for Cross-Data Querying and Spatial Reasoning of Tunnel Alignments. Proceedings of the EG-ICE 2021, Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2022.101728"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Lin, K.-Y., El-Gohary, N., and Tang, P. (2017). Linking BIM and GIS Models in Infrastructure by Example of IFC and CityGML. International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering, Seattle, ASCE."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2016.03.006","article-title":"Mapping between BIM and 3D GIS in different levels of detail using schema mediation and instance comparison","volume":"67","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/14498596.2019.1636722","article-title":"Evaluating the geometric aspects of integrating BIM data into city models","volume":"65","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Spatial Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uschold, M., and Gruninger, M. (2004). Ontologies and semantics for seamless connectivity. SIGMOD Rec., 33.","DOI":"10.1145\/1041410.1041420"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christen, P. (2012). Data Matching, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31164-2"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Euzenat, J., and Shvaiko, P. (2013). Ontology Matching, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38721-0"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Raad, J., Pernelle, N., Sa\u00efs, F., Beek, W., and Harmelen, F. (2019). The same As Problem: A Survey on Identity Management in the Web of Data. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Aljalbout, S., Buchs, D., and Falquet, G. (2019, January 20\u201323). OWL^ C: A Contextual Two-Dimensional Web Ontology Language. Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Language, Data and Knowledge (LDK 2019), Dagstuhl, Germany."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Fensel, D., Sycara, K., and Mylopoulos, J. (2003). C-OWL: Contextualizing ontologies. ISWC 2003, Proceedings of the 2nd International Semantic Web Conference, Sanibel Island, FL, USA, 20\u201323 October 2003, Springer."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2016.10.003","article-title":"Semantic web technologies in AEC industry: A literature overview","volume":"73","author":"Pauwels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-4-233-2018","article-title":"Critical review of the integration of bim to semantic web technology","volume":"4","author":"Godager","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"W3C RDF Working Group (2021, July 14). RDF 1.1 Primer. Available online: https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/rdf11-primer\/."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"W3C OWL Working Group (2020, November 20). OWL 2 Web Ontology Language: Document Overview (Second Edition). Available online: https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/owl2-overview\/."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Miles, A., and Bechhofer, S. (2021, April 22). SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System Reference. Available online: https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/skos-reference\/."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Patel-Schneider, P.F., Pan, Y., Hitzler, P., Mika, P., Zhang, L., Pan, J.Z., Horrocks, I., and Glimm, B. (2010). When owl: Sameas isn\u2019t the same: An analysis of identity in linked data. ISWC 2010, Proceedings of the 9th International Semantic Web Conference, Shanghai, China, 7\u201311 November 2010, Springer."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raad, J., Pernelle, N., and Sa\u00efs, F. (2017, January 4\u20136). Detection of Contextual Identity Links in a Knowledge Base. Proceedings of the K-CAP 2017, Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3148011.3148032"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Groth, P., Simperl, E., Gray, A.J.G., Sabou, M., Kr\u00f6tzsch, M., Lecue, F., Fl\u00f6ck, F., and Gil, Y. (2016). A Contextualised Semantics for owl:sameAs. ISWC 2016, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Idrissou, A.K., Hoekstra, R., Van Harmelen, F., Khalili, A., and van den Besselaar, P. (2017). Is my: Same As the same as your: Same As?. Proceedings of the K-CAP 2017, Austin, TX, USA, 4\u20136 December 2017, ACM Press.","DOI":"10.1145\/3148011.3148029"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2021, April 15). EDOAL: Expressive and Declarative Ontology Alignment Language. Available online: http:\/\/alignapi.gforge.inria.fr\/edoal.html."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Alexander, K., Cyganiak, R., Hausenblas, M., and Zhao, J. (2021, November 29). Describing Linked Datasets with the VoID Vocabulary. Available online: https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/void\/."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, V., Bodenreider, O., and Sheth, A.P. (2014). Don\u2019t Like RDF Reification? Making Statements about Statements Using Singleton Property. Proc. Int. World Wide Web Conf., 759\u2013770.","DOI":"10.1145\/2566486.2567973"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Ellis, A., and Hagino, T. (2005). Named graphs, provenance and trust. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on World Wide Web, Chiba, Japan, 10\u201314 May 2005, ACM Press."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Hartig, O. (2017, January 7\u20139). Foundations of RDF and SPARQL (An Alternative Approach to Statement-Level Metadata in RDF). Proceedings of the AMW 2017 11th Alberto Mendelzon International Workshop on Foundations of Data Management and the Web, Montevideo, Uruguay."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borrmann, A., K\u00f6nig, M., Koch, C., and Beetz, J. (2018). Building Information Modeling: Why? What? How?. Building Information Modeling: Technology Foundations and Industry Practice, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-92862-3"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eastman, C., Liston, K., Sacks, R., and Teicholz, P. (2008). BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers and Contractors, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470261309"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"78","article-title":"A data model for integrating GIS and BIM for assessment and 3D visualisation of flood damage to building","volume":"1323","author":"Amirebrahimi","year":"2015","journal-title":"CEUR Workshop Proc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Wang, X., Wright, G., Cheng, J.C., Li, X., and Liu, R. (2017). A State-of-the-Art Review on the Integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Geographic Information System (GIS). IJGI, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6020053"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"ISO\/TC 59\/SC 13 (2018). ISO 16739-1:2018: Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) for Data Sharing in the Construction and Facility Management Industries\u2014Part 1: Data Schema, ISO."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Open Geospatial Consortium (2020, November 20). CityGML. Available online: https:\/\/www.ogc.org\/standards\/citygml."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.04.004","article-title":"CityGML\u2014Interoperable semantic 3D city models","volume":"71","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Cox, S., Daisey, P., Lake, R., Portele, C., and Whiteside, A. (2004). Geography Markup Language (GML) Encoding Specification v3.1.1, Open Geospatial Consortium."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasmussen, M.H., Lefran\u00e7ois, M., Schneider, G., and Pauwels, P. (2020). BOT: The Building Topology Ontology of the W3C Linked Building Data Group. Semant. Web, 1\u201319.","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-200385"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Object Management Group (2021, July 14). OMG Meta Object Facility (MOF) Core Specification. Available online: https:\/\/www.omg.org\/spec\/MOF."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1126\/science.130.3381.954","article-title":"Automatic linkage of vital records","volume":"130","author":"Newcombe","year":"1959","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Fosu, R., Suprabhas, K., Rathore, Z., and Cory, C. (2015, January 26\u201329). Integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Proceedings of the 32nd CIB W78 Conference, Eindhoven, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Kurwi, S., Demian, P., and Hassan, T.M. (2017, January 4\u20136). Integrating BIM and GIS in railway projects: A critical review. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ARCOM Conference, Cambridge, UK."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Y., Wang, X., Tan, Y., Wu, P., Sutrisna, M., Cheng, J.C., and Hampson, K. (2017). Trends and Opportunities of BIM-GIS Integration in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction Industry: A Review from a Spatio-Temporal Statistical Perspective. IJGI, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6120397"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.03.005","article-title":"Integration of BIM and GIS in sustainable built environment: A review and bibliometric analysis","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2016.04.007","article-title":"BIM-oriented indoor network model for indoor and outdoor combined route planning","volume":"30","author":"Teo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Deng, Y., Won, J., and Cheng, J.C. (2019). An integrated underground utility management and decision support based on BIM and GIS. Autom. Constr., 107.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.102931"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolbe, T.H., K\u00f6nig, G., and Nagel, C. (2011). Initial Investigations for Modeling Interior Utilities Within 3D Geo Context: Transforming IFC-Interior Utility to CityGML\/UtilityNetworkADE. Advances in 3D Geo-Information Sciences, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12670-3"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Hou, D., Wang, C., Pan, F., and Yan, L. (2020). Integrating and managing BIM in 3D web-based GIS for hydraulic and hydropower engineering projects. Autom. Constr., 112.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103114"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Ng, S.T., Dao, J., Zhou, S., Xu, F.J., Xu, X., and Zhou, Z. (2021). BIM-GIS-DCEs enabled vulnerability assessment of interdependent infrastructures\u2014A case of stormwater drainage-building-road transport Nexus in urban flooding. Autom. Constr., 125.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103626"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"323","article-title":"Integration of BIM and Environmental Planning: The CityGML EnvPlan ADE","volume":"6","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Digit. Landsc. Archit."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12090","article-title":"Multi-Scale Geometric-Semantic Modeling of Shield Tunnels for GIS and BIM Applications","volume":"30","author":"Borrmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.07.001","article-title":"Building Information Modeling (BIM) for transportation infrastructure\u2014Literature review, applications, challenges, and recommendations","volume":"94","author":"Costin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Liu, Z., and Mbachu, J. (2019). Highway Alignment Optimization: An Integrated BIM and GIS Approach. IJGI, 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201902.0022.v1"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noardo, F., Harrie, L., Arroyo Ohori, K., Biljecki, F., Ellul, C., Krijnen, T., Eriksson, H., Guler, D., Hintz, D., and Jadidi, M.A. (2020). Tools for BIM-GIS Integration (IFC Georeferencing and Conversions): Results from the GeoBIM Benchmark 2019. IJGI, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202007.0243.v1"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2015.03.019","article-title":"A study on software architecture for effective BIM\/GIS-based facility management data integration","volume":"54","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, A.H., Ellul, C., and Swiderska, M. (2021). Decision Making in the 4th Dimension\u2014Exploring Use Cases and Technical Options for the Integration of 4D BIM and GIS during Construction. IJGI, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10040203"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"159","article-title":"An evaluation of IFC-CityGML unidirectional conversion","volume":"3","author":"Hijazi","year":"2013","journal-title":"IJACSA"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-IV-4-W8-35-2019","article-title":"Quality of BIM-GIS conversion","volume":"4","author":"Biljecki","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-III-4-73-2016","article-title":"BIM-GIS Integrated Geospatial Information Model using Semantic Web and RDF Graphs","volume":"3","author":"Hor","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Poveda-Villal\u00f3n, M., Pauwels, P., De Klerk, R., and Roxin, A. (2020, January 17\u201319). Linking BIM and GIS Standard Ontologies with Linked Data. Proceedings of the 8th Linked Data in Architecture and Construction Workshop, Dublin, Ireland."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-IV-4-W8-83-2019","article-title":"Graph transformation rules for IFC-to-CityGML attribute conversion","volume":"4","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jetlund, K., Onstein, E., and Huang, L. (2020). IFC Schemas in ISO\/TC 211 Compliant UML for Improved Interoperability between BIM and GIS. IJGI, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9040278"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stouffs, R., Tauscher, H., and Biljecki, F. (2018). Achieving Complete and Near-Lossless Conversion from IFC to CityGML. ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7090355"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsannals-II-2-W1-75-2013","article-title":"Transferring multi-scale approaches from 3D city modeling to IFC-based tunnel modeling","volume":"2","author":"Borrmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-IV-4-W8-115-2019","article-title":"Creating and Maintaining IFC-CityGML Conversion Rules","volume":"4","author":"Tauscher","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Poveda-Villal\u00f3n, M., Pauwels, P., De Klerk, R., and Roxin, A. (2019, January 19\u201321). A method for converting IFC geometric data into GeoSPARQL. Proceedings of the 7th Linked Data in Architecture and Construction Workshop, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-VI-4-W1-2020-61-2020","article-title":"Impact of Information Management during Design & Construction on downstream BIM-GmIS Interoperability for Rail Infrastructure","volume":"6","author":"Floros","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-V-4-2020-195-2020","article-title":"3DCityDB4BIM: A system architecture for linking BIM Server and 3D CityDB for BIM-GIS Integration","volume":"4","author":"Hijazi","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-VI-4-W1-2020-93-2020","article-title":"Reconciling city models with BIM in knowledge graphs: A feasibility study of data integration for solar energy simulation","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Herden, S., and Zwanziger, A. (2021, November 29). Der Integrationsbegriff in der Wirtschaftsinformatik: Literaturanalyse, Begriffsexplikation und Modell der Integrationsgegenst\u00e4nde. Available online: https:\/\/boris.unibe.ch\/58011\/1\/AB223_02.pdf."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Kepczynska-Walczak, A., and Bialkowski, S. (2018). An IFC-to-CityGML Triple Graph Grammar. Proceedings of the 36th eCAADe Conference. Computing for a Better Tomorrow, Lodz, Poland, 19\u201321 September 2018, eCAADe."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Esser, S., and Borrmann, A. (2019, January 1\u20133). Integrating Railway Subdomain-Specific Data Standards into a common IFC-based Data Model. Proceedings of the 26th International Workshop on Intelligent Computing in Engineering, Leuven, Belgium."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Shooraj, E., Rajabifard, A., and Sabri, S. (2018). From IFC to 3D Tiles: An Integrated Open-Source Solution for Visualising BIMs on Cesium. IJGI, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7100393"},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Liu, L., and White, R. (2019). GViz\u2014An Interactive WebApp to Support GeoSPARQL over Integrated Building Information. Companion Proceedings of The 2019 World Wide Web Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA, 13\u201317 May 2019, ACM Press."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Smith, I.F.C., and Domer, B. (2018). Benefits and Limitations of Linked Data Approaches for Road Modeling and Data Exchange. Advanced Computing Strategies for Engineering, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2015.06.007","article-title":"Linked Data in Architecture and Construction","volume":"57","author":"Pauwels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Poveda-Villal\u00f3n, M., Pauwels, P., De Klerk, R., and Roxin, A. (, January 19\u201321). Integration of environmental data in BIM tool & linked building data. Proceedings of the 7th Linked Data in Architecture and Construction Workshop, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demir Alt\u0131nta\u015f, Y., and Ilal, M.E. (2021). Loose coupling of GIS and BIM data models for automated compliance checking against zoning codes. Autom. Constr., 128.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103743"},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Benner, J., Geiger, A., and Leinemann, K. (2005, January 21\u201322). Flexible generation of semantic 3D building models. Proceedings of the 1st Inter-National Workshop on Next Generation 3D City Models, Bonn, Germany."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Laat, R., and van Berlo, L. (2011). Integration of BIM and GIS: The development of the CityGML GeoBIM extension. Advances in 3D Geo-Information Sciences, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12670-3_13"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biljecki, F., Lim, J., Crawford, J., Moraru, D., Tauscher, H., Konde, A., Adouane, K., Lawrence, S., Janssen, P., and Stouffs, R. (2021). Extending CityGML for IFC-sourced 3D city models. Autom. Constr., 121.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103440"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi1020120","article-title":"A Unified Building Model for 3D Urban GIS","volume":"1","author":"Hijazi","year":"2012","journal-title":"IJGI"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40965-019-0065-z","article-title":"The LandInfra standard and its role in solving the BIM-GIS quagmire","volume":"4","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Geospat. Data Softw. Stand."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Zlatanova, S., Diakit\u00e9, A.A., Aleksandrov, M., and Yan, J. (2020). Towards Integrating Heterogeneous Data: A Spatial DBMS Solution from a CRC-LCL Project in Australia. IJGI, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9020063"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casey, M.J., and Vankadara, S. (2009). Semantics in CAD\/GIS integration. CAD and GIS Integration, Auerbach Publications.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420068061-c7"},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Castro-Lacouture, D., Irizarry, J., and Ashuri, B. (2014). Developing a Spatial Data Framework for Facility Management Supply Chains. Construction Research Congress, Atlanta, Georgia, ASCE."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sicilia, \u00c1., and Costa, G. (2017, January 28\u201330). Energy-Related Data Integration Using Semantic Data Models for Energy Efficient Retrofitting Projects. Proceedings of the Sustainable Places Conference, Middlesbrough, UK.","DOI":"10.3390\/proceedings1071099"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Li, B., Zlatanova, S., and van Oosterom, P. (2021). Indoor navigation supported by the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC): A survey. Autom. Constr., 121.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103436"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Chen, J., and Huang, W. (2020). Method for Generation of Indoor GIS Models Based on BIM Models to Support Adjacent Analysis of Indoor Spaces. IJGI, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9090508"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eriksson, H., Sun, J., Tarandi, V., and Harrie, L. (2020). Comparison of versioning methods to improve the information flow in the planning and building processes. Trans. GIS, 28.","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12672"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esser, S., and Borrmann, A. (2021, January 15\u201317). A system architecture ensuring consistency among distributed, heterogeneous information models for civil infrastructure projects. Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Product and Process Modeling (ECPPM), Moscow, Russia.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003191476-8"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borrmann, A., K\u00f6nig, M., Koch, C., and Beetz, J. (2018). Modeling Cities and Landscapes in 3D with CityGML. Building Information Modeling: Technology Foundations and Industry Practice, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-92862-3"},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Rich, S., and Davis, K.H. (2020, December 20). Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Facility Management. Available online: https:\/\/www.esri.com\/content\/dam\/esrisites\/sitecore-archive\/Files\/Pdfs\/library\/fliers\/pdfs\/gis-for-facilities-management.pdf."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, J., Wright, G., Wang, J., and Wang, X. (2018). A Critical Review of the Integration of Geographic Information System and Building Information Modelling at the Data Level. IJGI, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7020066"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shirowzhan, S., Sepasgozar, S.M., Edwards, D.J., Li, H., and Wang, C. (2020). BIM compatibility and its differentiation with interoperability challenges as an innovation factor. Autom. Constr., 112.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103086"},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"IEEE 610 working group (1990). IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology, IEEE. Available online: http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpls\/absall.jsp?arnumber=159342."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gellersen, H.-W. (1999). Towards a Better Understanding of Context and Context-Awareness. Internation Symposium on Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing, Proceedings of the First International Symposium, HUC\u201999, Karlsruhe, Germany, 27\u201329 September 1999, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48157-5"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batini, C., and Scannapieco, M. (2016). Data Quality Issues in Data Integration Systems. Data and Information Quality, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24106-7"},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"Hutchison, D., Kanade, T., Kittler, J., Kleinberg, J.M., Mattern, F., Mitchell, J.C., Naor, M., Nierstrasz, O., Pandu Rangan, C., and Steffen, B. (2004). Contexts for the Semantic Web. The Semantic Web\u2014ISWC 2004, Springer."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"West, M. (2011). Developing High Quality Data Models, Elsevier\/Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaud, \u0160., Donaubauer, A., Heunecke, O., and Borrmann, A. (2020). Georeferencing in the context of building information modelling. Autom. Constr., 118.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103211"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leibniz, G.W., and Loemker, L.E. (1976). Philosophical Papers and Letters, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-1426-7"},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"Klein, M.C.A., and Fensel, D. (August, January 30). Ontology versioning on the Semantic Web. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Semantic Web Working, Monterey, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2010.12.001","article-title":"An approach to distributed building modeling on the basis of versions and changes","volume":"25","author":"Koch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-IV-4-W8-123-2019","article-title":"A data structure to incorporate versioning in 3D city models","volume":"4","author":"Vitalis","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"Poveda-Villal\u00f3n, M., Pauwels, P., De Klerk, R., and Roxin, A. (, January 17\u201319). Linked Data for Smart Homes: Comparing RDF and Labeled Property Graphs. Proceedings of the 8th Linked Data in Architecture and Construction Workshop, Dublin, Ireland."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"Biljecki, F. (2017). Level of Detail in 3D City Models. [Ph.D. Dissertation, Delft University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"BIMforum (2021, July 08). Level of Development Specification. Available online: https:\/\/bimforum.org\/LOD\/."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"43","article-title":"CityGML 3.0: New Functions Open Up New Applications","volume":"88","author":"Kutzner","year":"2020","journal-title":"PFG J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Geoinform. Sci."},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"(2021, November 29). KIT Downloads. Available online: https:\/\/www.iai.kit.edu\/1302.php."},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"(2021, November 29). 3DCityDB Database. Available online: https:\/\/www.3dcitydb.org\/3dcitydb\/."},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"(2021, November 29). IFCtoRDF. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/pipauwel\/IFCtoRDF."},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"(2021, November 29). GMLImporter. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/i3mainz\/GMLImporter."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2753\/MIS0742-1222240302","article-title":"A design science research methodology for information systems research","volume":"24","author":"Peffers","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Manag. Inform. Syst."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/10\/12\/807\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:38:02Z","timestamp":1760168282000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/10\/12\/807"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi10120807"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi10120807","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]}}}