{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:38:05Z","timestamp":1760236685304,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41971193","41871236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971193","41871236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Foundation of the Jilin Provincial Science &amp; Technology Department","award":["20200403174SF","20200403187SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200403174SF","20200403187SF"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of the Jilin Province Education Department","award":["JJKH20210667KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20210667KJ"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFB0503602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB0503602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many documents contain vague location descriptions of observed objects. To represent location information in geographic information systems (GISs), these vague location descriptions need to be transformed into representable fuzzy spatial regions, and knowledge about the location descriptions of observer-to-object spatial relations must serve as the basis for this transformation process. However, a location description from the observer perspective is not a specific fuzzy function, but comes from a subjective viewpoint, which will be different for different individuals, making the corresponding knowledge difficult to represent or obtain. To extract spatial knowledge from such subjective descriptions, this research proposes a virtual reality (VR)-based fuzzy spatial relation knowledge extraction method for observer-centered vague location descriptions (VR-FSRKE). In VR-FSRKE, a VR scene is constructed, and users can interactively determine the fuzzy region corresponding to a location description under the simulated VR observer perspective. Then, a spatial region clustering mechanism is established to summarize the fuzzy regions identified by various individuals into fuzzy spatial relation knowledge. Experiments show that, on the basis of interactive scenes provided through VR, VR-FSRKE can efficiently extract spatial relation knowledge from many individuals and is not restricted by requirements of a certain place or time; furthermore, the knowledge obtained by VR-FSRKE is close to the knowledge obtained from a real scene.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10120833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T01:20:41Z","timestamp":1639444841000},"page":"833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Virtual Reality-Based Fuzzy Spatial Relation Knowledge Extraction Method for Observer-Centered Vague Location Descriptions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Changbai Historical Culture and VR Reconstruction Technology, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Changbai Historical Culture and VR Reconstruction Technology, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"},{"name":"School of Computer Technology and Engineering, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Changbai Historical Culture and VR Reconstruction Technology, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"},{"name":"School of Computer Technology and Engineering, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haohai","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Changbai Historical Culture and VR Reconstruction Technology, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3311\/pp.ci.2007-1.04","article-title":"A special GIS application-military historical reconstruction","volume":"51","year":"2007","journal-title":"Period. 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