{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T18:31:01Z","timestamp":1766428261861,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Capacity Building Research Program for ITB Young Scientists by the Institute of Research and Community Service, Institut Teknologi Bandung","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]},{"name":"Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP), Ministry of Finance Republic of Indonesia","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study proposes a new model for land suitability for educational facilities based on spatial product development to determine the optimal locations for achieving education targets in West Java, Indonesia. Single-aspect approaches, such as accessibility and spatial hazard analyses, have not been widely applied in suitability assessments on the location of educational facilities. Model development was performed based on analyses of the economic value of the land and on the integration of various parameters across three main aspects: accessibility, comfort, and a multi-natural\/biohazard (disaster) risk index. Based on the maps of disaster hazards, higher flood-prone areas are found to be in gentle slopes and located in large cities. Higher risks of landslides are spread throughout the study area, while higher levels of earthquake risk are predominantly in the south, close to the active faults and megathrusts present. Presently, many schools are located in very high vulnerability zones (2057 elementary, 572 junior high, 157 senior high, and 313 vocational high schools). The comfort-level map revealed 13,459 schools located in areas with very low and low comfort levels, whereas only 2377 schools are in locations of high or very high comfort levels. Based on the school accessibility map, higher levels are located in the larger cities of West Java, whereas schools with lower accessibility are documented far from these urban areas. In particular, senior high school accessibility is predominant in areas of lower accessibility levels, as there are comparatively fewer facilities available in West Java. Overall, higher levels of suitability are spread throughout West Java. These distribution results revealed an expansion of the availability of schools by area: senior high schools, 303,973.1 ha; vocational high schools, 94,170.51 ha; and junior high schools, 12,981.78 ha. Changes in elementary schools (3936.69 ha) were insignificant, as the current number of elementary schools is relatively much higher. This study represents the first to attempt to integrate these four parameters\u2014accessibility, multi natural hazard, biohazard, comfort index, and land value\u2014to determine potential areas for new schools to achieve educational equity targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11010012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T08:12:15Z","timestamp":1640765535000},"page":"12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["School Location Analysis by Integrating the Accessibility, Natural and Biological Hazards to Support Equal Access to Education"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7379-1777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anjar Dimara","family":"Sakti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Science Research Group, Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"},{"name":"Center for Remote Sensing, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"},{"name":"Geospatial Institute for Sustainability Action, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Ario Eko","family":"Rahadianto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Remote Sensing, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"},{"name":"Geospatial Institute for Sustainability Action, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9863-2054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biswajeet","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), Faculty of Engineering & IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Climate Change Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80234, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Earth Observation Centre, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3775-6437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hubbi Nashrullah","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4243-9359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I Gusti Ayu","family":"Andani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional and Urban Infrastructure Research Group, School of Architecture, Planning, and Policy Development, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prasanti Widyasih","family":"Sarli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Structural Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2426-0547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Rais","family":"Abdillah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmospheric Science Research Group, Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9761-9701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania Septi","family":"Anggraini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Science Research Group, Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"},{"name":"Center for Remote Sensing, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"},{"name":"Geospatial Institute for Sustainability Action, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andhika Dimas","family":"Purnomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geospatial Institute for Sustainability Action, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8194-8869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riki","family":"Ridwana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geographic Information Science Study Program, Faculty of Social Sciences Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung 40154, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3084-6694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fajar","family":"Yulianto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Application Research Center, Aeronautics and Space Research Organization, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Kalisari No. 8, Pekayon, Pasar Rebo, Jakarta 13710, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masita Dwi Mandini","family":"Manessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Afina Nur","family":"Fauziyyah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geospatial Institute for Sustainability Action, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lissa Fajri","family":"Yayusman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Remote Sensing, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ketut","family":"Wikantika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Science Research Group, Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"},{"name":"Center for Remote Sensing, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Barro, R.J. 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