{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:24:13Z","timestamp":1787318653821,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper we describe the potentialities of a tool for the visualization of experimental results directly on a three-dimensional model. The case study concerns the visualization of the results of a dynamic finite element analysis (FEA\/FEM) applied to the calculation of seismic risk on works belonging to the Italian infrastructural heritage, specifically bridges, viaducts and overpasses. The project is based on finite element analysis performed on an exemplary set of eight structures located on the Italian territory, performed by means of the open-source software framework OpenSees, according to the guidelines indicated in the Technical Standards for Construction NTC08. The application created for this project is classifiable as a webGIS, since all data are georeferenced and visualized on a map through an application executed through a browser. The graphical interface displays the interested works on the map of the Italian territory and allows to select them by mouse click. Following the selection, a 3D rendering of the model of the work and the surrounding terrain is shown, in which the results of the analysis are represented using color gradients directly on the three-dimensional model. The necessary tools are present for the selection of the type of result and for the animation in real time of the response of the work to the seismic action. The 3D representation is freely navigable by the user due to intuitive tools of panning, rotation and zoom through mouse and keyboard. The application takes advantage of HTML5, CSS and Javascript to show graphical features such as Cartesian diagrams of accelerograms used in modal analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11010022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T21:41:21Z","timestamp":1640900481000},"page":"22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Development of a 3D WebGIS Application for the Visualization of Seismic Risk on Infrastructural Work"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7350-2237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Mazzei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council, Istituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica, LabGeoInf, Via dei Taurini, 19, I-00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Quaroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council, Istituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica, LabGeoInf, Via dei Taurini, 19, I-00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, June 25). D.M. 14 Gennaio 2008, Approvazione Delle Nuove Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni. Available online: https:\/\/www.camera.it\/cartellecomuni\/leg15\/RapportoAttivitaCommissioni\/commissioni\/allegati\/08\/08_all_dm_2008.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2021, June 25). Metaingegneria.com. Available online: https:\/\/www.metaingegneria.com\/cos-e-una-simulazione-fea\/."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2021, June 25). Next Generation Attenuation Database, PEER Ground Motion Database. Available online: http:\/\/peer.berkeley.edu\/peer_ground_motion_database."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:11(1257)","article-title":"Localization issues in force-based frame elements","volume":"127","author":"Coleman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Priestley MJ, N., Seible, F., and Calvi, G.M. (1996). Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridges, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470172858"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-9978(02)00063-7","article-title":"A framework for immersive FEM visualization using transparent object communication in a distributed network environment","volume":"33","author":"Connell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Softw."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.softx.2021.100751","article-title":"FeView: Finite element model (FEM) visualization and post-processing tool for OpenSees","volume":"15","author":"Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"SoftwareX"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Liverani, A., Kuester, F., and Hamann, B. (1999, January 14\u201316). Towards interactive finite element analysis of shell structures in virtual reality. Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE International Conference on Information Visualization, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2021, June 25). OpenSees User Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/opensees.berkeley.edu\/wiki\/index.php."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Tarquini, S., Isola, I., Favalli, M., and Battistini, A. (2007). TINITALY, a Digital Elevation Model of Italy with a 10 Meters Cell Size (Version 1.0) [Data Set], Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2021, June 25). INGV Terremoti. Available online: https:\/\/ingvterremoti.com\/la-pericolosita-sismica\/."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2021, June 25). Threejs.org Documentation, Getting Started. Available online: https:\/\/threejs.org\/docs\/index.html#manual\/en\/introduction\/Creating-a-scene."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2021, June 25). Jquery.org, About. Available online: https:\/\/learn.jquery.com\/about-jquery\/."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2021, June 25). Mozilla Foundation\u2014MDN Web Docs, JavaScript Modules. Available online: https:\/\/developer.mozilla.org\/en-US\/docs\/Web\/JavaScript\/Guide\/Modules."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2021, June 25). Three.js Fundamentals. Available online: https:\/\/threejsfundamentals.org\/threejs\/lessons\/threejs-fundamentals.html."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Gomarasca, M.A. (2004). Elementi di Geomatica, ASITA."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2021, June 25). QGIS Project, QGIS Documentation\u2014Coordinate Reference System. Available online: https:\/\/docs.qgis.org\/3.16\/en\/docs\/."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzei, M., and Palma, A.L. (2017). Spatial multicriteria analysis approach for evaluation of mobility demand in urban areas. Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62401-3_33"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auer, M., and Zipf, A. (2018). 3D WebGIS: From Visualization to Analysis. An Efficient Browser-Based 3D Line-of-Sight Analysis. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7070279"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Mazzei, M. (August, January 30). Software Development for Unsupervised Approach to Identification of a Multi Temporal Spatial Analysis Model. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Image Processing, Computer Vision, and Pattern Recognition, IPCV 2018, Las Vegas, NV, USA. Available online: https:\/\/csce.ucmss.com\/cr\/books\/2018\/LFS\/CSREA2018\/IPC3126.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Arai, K. (2021). An Unsupervised Machine Learning Approach for Medical Image Analysis. Advances in Information and Communication. FICC 2021, Springer. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzei, M., and Di Guida, S. (2018). Spatial data warehouse and spatial OLAP in indoor\/outdoor cultural environments. Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-95168-3_16"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"265","article-title":"Analysis of Localization and Space Interaction Models. Proposal of very good linked model applied to a study area for the localization of a large shopping mall","volume":"18","author":"Mazzei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geomedia"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murgante, B., Misra, S., Carlini, M., Torre, C.M., Nguyen, H.-Q., Taniar, D., Apduhan, B.O., and Gervasi, O. (2014). Spatial Statistical Models for the Evaluation of the Landscape. Computational Science and Its Applications\u2014ICCSA 2013, Springer. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39643-4"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Ministero Delle Infrastrurtture e dei Trasporti (2021, June 05). Aggiornamento Delle \u00abNorme Tecniche per le Costruzioni\u00bb. (18A00716), Available online: http:\/\/www.labcontrols.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/DM-17_01_2018_CAP-11_Prove-materiali.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hale, C., Abrahamson, N., and Bozorgnia, Y. (2018). Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis Code Verification, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California.","DOI":"10.55461\/KJZH2652"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casarotti, C., and Pinho, R. (2007). An Adaptive Capacity Spectrum Method for Assessment of Bridges Subjected to Earthquake Action, Springer. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-007-9031-8"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"ATC 40 (1996). Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings, Applied Technology Council."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"FEMA 273 (1997). NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings, Federal Emergency Management Agency."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2010). Caltrans SDC 2010, Caltrans Seismic Design Criteria Version 1.6, California Department of Transportation."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9845(199607)25:7<711::AID-EQE576>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Fibre beam-column model for nonlinear analysis of R\/C frames: Part I. Formulation","volume":"25","author":"Spacone","year":"1996","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"California Department of Transportation Division of Maintenance (2015). Structure Maintenance and Investigations, California Department of Transportation Division of Maintenance. BIRIS, Jamboree Road Overcrossing."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s11803-008-1008-3","article-title":"Effect of abutment modeling on the seismic response of bridge structures","volume":"7","author":"Aviram","year":"2008","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Eng. Vib."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Aviram, A., Mackie, K.R., and Stojadinovic, B. (2008). Guidelines for Nonlinear Analysis of Bridge Structures in California, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California. PEER Report No. 2008\/03."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murgante, B., Misra, S., Carlini, M., Torre, C.M., Nguyen, H.-Q., Taniar, D., Apduhan, B.O., and Gervasi, O. (2014). Comparative Analysis of Models of Location and Spatial Interaction. Computational Science and Its Applications\u2014ICCSA 2014, Springer. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39643-4"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzei, M. (2019). An Unsupervised Machine Learning Approach in Remote Sensing Data. Computational Science and Its Applications\u2014ICCSA 2019, Springer. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-24302-9_31"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2021, June 25). Openlayers API. Available online: https:\/\/openlayers.org\/en\/latest\/apidoc\/."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Lengyel, E. (2012). Mathematics for 3D Game Programming and Computer Graphics, Cengage Learning PTR. [3rd ed.]. Course Technology."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2021, June 25). LearnopenGL.com. Available online: https:\/\/learnopengl.com\/Getting-started\/Shaders."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2021, June 25). OpenStreetMap. Available online: https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/11\/1\/22\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:56:19Z","timestamp":1760169379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/11\/1\/22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi11010022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi11010022","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202111.0275.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]}}}