{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:50:48Z","timestamp":1760151048175,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study performed a land use and land cover (LULC) change analysis over Southern India for the period 1981\u20132006 from the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) images of AVHRR data and applied the \u201cobservation minus reanalysis\u201d (OMR) method to investigate the impact of the LULC change on the temperature of the region. The LULC change analysis indicated that the areas under agriculture\/fallow land were significantly increased while the areas under shrubs\/small vegetation were decreased during the period 1981\u20132006. The areas under forest cover and barren land were also decreased but relatively low compared to the other LULC types. The OMR results showed that the LULC changes over urban areas contributed to warming with a temperature of 0.02 \u00b0C during this period, while that over non-urban areas showed a cooling effect with a temperature reduction of 0.29 \u00b0C and that over the whole Southern India (looked at an average) indicated a cooling effect with a temperature reduction of 0.063 \u00b0C. The comparative analysis between the two (LULC change analysis and OMR) results showed that the cooling over Southern India was mostly due to the expansion of agriculture\/fallow land and the decline of shrubs\/small vegetation. The study suggests that the OMR method reasonably demonstrates the effect of LULC changes on the temperature over Southern India.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11020094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T22:00:56Z","timestamp":1643320856000},"page":"94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Application of \u201cObservation Minus Reanalysis\u201d Method towards LULC Change Impact over Southern India"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2421-5199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sridhara","family":"Nayak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6110011, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9274-9021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suman","family":"Maity","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama 2360001, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8505-7185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Netrananda","family":"Sahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9840-2486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atul","family":"Saini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India"},{"name":"Delhi School of Climate Change & Sustainability, Institution of Eminence, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuvar Satya","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Disaster Mitigation & Management, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4190-7210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hara Prasad","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2159-1818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soma","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farmneed AgriBusiness Private Limited, Salt Lake 700091, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H.L. 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