{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T18:59:11Z","timestamp":1768589951952,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The provision of webGIS-based water quality data services has become a priority area for both the public and administrative sectors in the context of the pandemic emergency associated with the global spread of COVID-19. Current geographic, monitoring and decision supporting systems, typically based on web-based geospatial information, greatly facilitate the sharing of spatial and temporal data from environmental databases and real-time analyses. In the present study, different water quality indices are determined, compared and geovisualized, during which the changes in the quality of the shallow groundwater resources of a settlement are examined in the period (2011\u20132019) in an eastern Hungarian settlement. Another objective of the research is to determine three water quality indices (Water Quality Index, CCME Water Quality Index, Contamination degree) and categorize water samples based on the same input spatial and temporal data using self-developed freely available geovisualization tools. Groundwater quality was assessed by using different water quality indices. Significant pollution of the groundwater in the time period before the installation of a sewage network was shown. Regarding water quality, significant positive changes were shown based on all three water quality indices in the years after installing a sewage network (2015\u20132019). The presence of pollution apart from the positive changes suggests that the purification processes will last for a long time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11020108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T05:42:33Z","timestamp":1643866953000},"page":"108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Possibilities for Assessment and Geovisualization of Spatial and Temporal Water Quality Data Using a WebGIS Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8051-1518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e1niel","family":"Balla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Data Science and Visualization, Faculty of Informatics, University of Debrecen, 4028 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1943-6053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna","family":"Zichar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Data Science and Visualization, Faculty of Informatics, University of Debrecen, 4028 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Em\u0151ke","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Landscape Protection and Environmental Geography, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2201-2099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gy\u00f6rgy","family":"Szab\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Landscape Protection and Environmental Geography, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7484-7560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"Mester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Landscape Protection and Environmental Geography, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416","article-title":"Groundwater diffuse pollution in functional urban areas: The need to define anthropogenic diffuse pollution background levels","volume":"656","author":"Azzellino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"50","article-title":"Groundwater pollution and wastewater management in Derna City, Libya","volume":"6","author":"Jumma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Environ. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1134\/S0097807812040112","article-title":"Assessment and modelling of groundwater quality data and evaluation of their corrosiveness and scaling potential using environmetric methods in Bangalore South Taluk, Karnataka state, India","volume":"39","author":"Ravikumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2014.11.005","article-title":"Identifying sources of groundwater contamination in a hard-rock aquifer system using multivariate statistical analyses and GIS-based geostatistical modeling techniques","volume":"4","author":"Machiwal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1515\/jwld-2016-0012","article-title":"Quality of shallow groundwater and manure effluents in a livestock farm","volume":"29","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Water Land Dev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111277","article-title":"Groundwater chemistry, distribution and potential health risk appraisal of nitrate enriched groundwater: A case study from the semi-urban region of South India","volume":"207","author":"Adimalla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"55","article-title":"Application of a groundwater contamination index in Finland and Slovakia","volume":"36","author":"Backman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.30638\/eemj.2008.098","article-title":"Groundwater contamination from waste storage works","volume":"7","author":"Rotaru","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.09.011","article-title":"Natural and anthropogenic factors affecting the groundwater quality in Serbia","volume":"468\u2013469","author":"Devic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"467","article-title":"Hydrochemical investigations of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigational purposes: Two case studies of Koprivnica-Kri\u017eevci County (Croatia) and district Allahabad (India)","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sustain. Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khorasani, H., Kerachian, R., Aghayi, M.M., Zahraie, B., and Zhu, Z. (2020). Assessment of the impacts of sewerage network on groundwater quantity and nitrate contamination: Case study of Tehran. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2020: Groundwater, Sustainability, Hydro-Climate\/Climate Change, and Environmental Engineering, Henderson, NV, USA, 17\u201321 May, 2020, American Society of Civil Engineers.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784482964.006"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.2010.00472.x","article-title":"An Aquifer Classification System and Geographical Information System-Based Analysis Tool for Watershed Managers in the Western U.S","volume":"46","author":"Payne","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. (JAWRA)"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Lowe, M., Wallace, J., and Kneedy, J.L. (2002, January 7\u20139). Ground-Water Recharge-Area and Water Quality-Classification Mapping for Cedar Valley, Southwestern Utah\u2013Tools for Land-Use Planning. Proceedings of the GSA Rocky Mountain 54th Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, USA."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(97)00325-4","article-title":"Using chemical and physical parameters to define the quality of karstic freshwaters (Timavo River, North-eastern Italy): A chemometric approach","volume":"32","author":"Reisenhofer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"300","article-title":"An index number system for rating water quality","volume":"37","author":"Horton","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Water Pollut. Control Fed."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1061\/JEEGAV.0001067","article-title":"Water Quality Indexing and Scoring","volume":"106","author":"Ball","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng. Div."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1515\/jwld-2017-0087","article-title":"Water quality index assessment of Koudiat Medouar Reservoir, northeast Algeria using weighted arithmetic index method","volume":"35","author":"Bouslah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Water Land Dev."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"339","article-title":"A Water Quality Index: Do We Dare?","volume":"117","author":"Brown","year":"1970","journal-title":"Water Sew. Work."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-005-9092-6","article-title":"Application of CCME Water Quality Index to Monitor Water Quality: A Case Study of the Mackenzie River Basin, Canada","volume":"113","author":"Lumb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2005.12.001","article-title":"Application of a groundwater quality index as an assessment and communication tool in agro-environmental policies\u2014Two Portuguese case studies","volume":"327","author":"Stigter","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1023\/B:EMAS.0000031715.83752.a1","article-title":"A Generalized Water Quality Index for Taiwan","volume":"96","author":"Liou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-016-0451-y","article-title":"Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index (WQI): Case study of the Kolong River, Assam, India","volume":"7","author":"Bora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.30638\/eemj.2021.043","article-title":"Assessment of groundwater quality in NW of Romania and its suitability for drinking and agricultural purposes","volume":"20","author":"Roba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zessner, M. (2021). Monitoring, Modeling and Management of Water Quality. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13111523"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102088","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/779\/1\/012088","article-title":"A brief review of water quality indices and their applications","volume":"779","author":"Aljanabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005948930316","article-title":"Evaluation Of Ground Water Quality In Dakhla Oasis (Egyptian Western Desert)","volume":"57","author":"Soltan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(99)00063-9","article-title":"Water quality evaluation by index in Dalmatia","volume":"33","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(00)00036-1","article-title":"Use of water quality indices to verify the impact of C\u00f3rdoba City (Argentina) on Suqu\u00eda River","volume":"34","author":"Pesce","year":"2000","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Rapant, S., Vrana, K., and Bodis, D. (1995). Geochemical Atlas of Slovak Republic: Groundwater, Geofond."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sha, J., Li, X., Zhang, M., and Wang, Z.-L. (2021). Comparison of Forecasting Models for Real-Time Monitoring of Water Quality Parameters Based on Hybrid Deep Learning Neural Networks. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13111547"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hajji, S., Yahyaoui, N., Bousnina, S., Ben Brahim, F., Allouche, N., Faiedh, H., Bouri, S., Hachicha, W., and Aljuaid, A.M. (2021). Using a Mamdani Fuzzy Inference System Model (MFISM) for Ranking Groundwater Quality in an Agri-Environmental Context: Case of the Hammamet-Nabeul Shallow Aquifer (Tunisia). Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13182507"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guasmi, I., Hadji, F., and Yebdri, L. (2021). Quality assessment of reclaimed water for irrigation purpose and aquatic life protection in the Mekerra sub-watershed (NW Algeria). Model. Earth Syst. Environ., 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-021-01305-2"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Sch\u00fctze, E. (2007). Current State of Technology and Potential of Smart Map Browsing in Web Browsers. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Bremen University of Applied Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"197","article-title":"A Review on Flood Modelling Tools for Transformation of Spatial and Non-Spatial Data to 3D Geo visualization","volume":"28","author":"Muhammad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2004.1255801","article-title":"Geovisualization for knowledge construction and decision support","volume":"24","author":"MacEachren","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dykes, J., MacEachren, A.M., and Kraak, M.J. (2005). Exploring Geovisualization, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008044531-1\/50454-1"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"19","article-title":"Geovisualization based upon KML","volume":"3","author":"Zichar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Inform."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"2399808320987567","article-title":"Geo-tagged environmental noise measurement with smartphones: Accuracy and perspectives of crowdsourced mapping","volume":"48","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10109-017-0248-z","article-title":"Applicability of open-source web mapping libraries for building massive Web GIS clients","volume":"19","author":"Farkas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Brown, M. (2006). Hacking Google Maps and Google Earth, Wiley Publishing Inc."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Udell, S. (2009). Beginning Google Maps Mashups with Mapplets, KML, and GeoRSS: From Novice to Professional (Expert\u2019s Voice in Web Development), Apress."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Wernecke, J. (2009). The KML Handbook, Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2008). OGC07-147r2, OGC KML. OpenGeospatialConsortium, Inc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-8198.2008.00167.x","article-title":"Web Mapping 2.0: The Neogeography of the GeoWeb","volume":"2","author":"Haklay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geogr. Compass"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"3351","article-title":"An Evaluation on Flood Modelling Tools for Transformation of Spatial and Non-Spatial Data to 3D Geo visualization","volume":"81","author":"Muhammad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Test Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.12700\/APH.18.4.2021.4.11","article-title":"Practical Application Possibilities for 3D Models Using Low-resolution Thermal Images","volume":"18","author":"Molnar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Polytech. Hung."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1179\/000870405X52702","article-title":"Geovisualization: Design, Enhanced Visual Tools and Applications","volume":"42","author":"Jiang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cartogr. J."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"McCormick, B.H., DeFanti, T.A., and Brown, M.D. (1987). Visualization in Scientific Computing. Computer Graphics, ACM SIGGRAPH."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1559\/152304001782173970","article-title":"Research Challenges in Geovisualization","volume":"28","author":"MacEachren","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u0151d\u00f6r, A., and Zentai, L. (2017). Educational aspects of crowdsourced noise mapping. Advances in Cartography and GIScience, Proceedings of the International Cartographic Conference, Washington, DC, USA, 2\u20137 July 2017, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57336-6_3"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2013.10.007","article-title":"Geospatial services in the Cloud","volume":"63","author":"Evangelidis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"La Guardia, M., D\u2019Ippolito, F., and Cellura, M. (2021). Construction of a WebGIS Tool Based on a GIS Semiautomated Processing for the Localization of P2G Plants in Sicily (Italy). ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10100671"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mariotto, F.P., Antoniou, V., Drymoni, K., Bonali, F., Nomikou, P., Fallati, L., Karatzaferis, O., and Vlasopoulos, O. (2021). Virtual Geosite Communication through a WebGIS Platform: A Case Study from Santorini Island (Greece). Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11125466"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2021, October 21). KML Tutorial. Available online: https:\/\/developers.google.com\/kml\/documentation\/kml_tut."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2021, October 21). Google APIs Explorer. Available online: https:\/\/developers.google.com\/apis-explorer."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2022, January 09). Chart.js. Available online: https:\/\/www.chartjs.org."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2022, January 09). Boostrap. Available online: https:\/\/getbootstrap.com\/."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2022, January 09). Bootstrap Custom File Input. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/Johann-S\/bs-custom-file-input."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2022, January 09). SimpleXLSX PHP. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/shuchkin\/simplexlsx."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2022, January 09). PHP XLSX Writer. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/mk-j\/PHP_XLSXWriter."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balla, D., Zichar, M., Kiss, E., Karancsi, G., and Mester, T. (2020, January 11\u201312). Analytic web tool for calculating and geovisualizing water quality based on different indices. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Geo-IT and Water Resources, Al-Hoceima, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1145\/3399205.3399206"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"(2021, October 21). Hungarian Central Statistical Office (HSCO). Available online: http:\/\/www.ksh.hu\/docs\/hun\/xstadat\/xstadat_eves\/i_zrk006b.html."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.17159\/wsa\/2019.v45.i3.6731","article-title":"Effects of nitrogen loading from domestic wastewater on groundwater quality","volume":"45","author":"Mester","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water SA"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2021, August 20). HS ISO 7150-1:1992; Hungarian Standard Water Quality\u2014Determination of Ammonium\u2014Part 1: Manual Spectrophotometric Method. Hungarian Standards Institution: Budapest, Hungary. Available online: http:\/\/www.mszt.hu."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"(2021, August 20). HS 1484-13; Hungarian Standard Water Quality\u2014Part 12: Determination of Nitrate and Nitrite\u2014Content by Spectrophotometric Method. Hungarian Standards Institution: Budapest, Hungary. Available online: http:\/\/www.mszt.hu."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2021, August 20). HS 448-18; Hungarian Standard Water Quality\u2014Part 18: Drinking Water Analysis\u2014Determination of Orthophosphate and Total Phosphorus Using Spectrophotometric Method. Hungarian Standards Institution: Budapest, Hungary. Available online: http:\/\/www.mszt.hu."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilcoxon, F. (1992). Individual comparisons by ranking methods. Breakthroughs in Statistics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-4380-9_16"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Fuhrmann, S., and Pike, W. (2015). User-centered design of collaborative geovisualization tools. Exploring Geovisualization, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi3041445","article-title":"A Software Reference Architecture for Service-Oriented 3D Geovisualization Systems","volume":"3","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi4021013","article-title":"An Open Source WebGIS Application for Civic Education on Peace and Conflict","volume":"4","author":"Wirkus","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/11\/2\/108\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:13:17Z","timestamp":1760134397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/11\/2\/108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi11020108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi11020108","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]}}}