{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T22:23:18Z","timestamp":1776982998402,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ensuring that commuting distance remains within a certain range has important effect of residents\u2019 quality of life. Although many studies have investigated the relationship between the built environment and residents\u2019 commuting distance, limited evidence has been provided of the impact of job location. As such, in this study, we used data from the Wuhan Metropolitan Development Area in China and applied Bayesian linear regression (BLR) models to examine the impact of the built environment at both residential and job locations on commuting distances for residents. Our findings showed that, for residential locations, the residential density, land use mix, number of intersections, parking service level, and number of companies have a significant negative effect on commuting distance, whereas the plot ratio, distance to sub-employment centers, number of metro stations, and number of bus stops have a significant positive effect on commuting distance. For employment locations, land use mix, parking service level, and number of companies have a significant negative effect on commuting distance, whereas job density, number of intersections, distance to sub-employment centers, number of metro stations, and number of bus stops have a significant positive effect on commuting distance. By describing the influence of the built environment at both residential and job locations on commuting distance, our findings are conducive to the optimization of land use and the formulation of related policies to reduce commuting distance, which has a positive effect on improving residents\u2019 quality of life and reducing energy emissions and air pollution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11020124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T21:22:15Z","timestamp":1644441735000},"page":"124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Influences of Built Environment at Residential and Work Locations on Commuting Distance: Evidence from Wuhan, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xuexin","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fubin","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2017.12.007","article-title":"Evolving urban spatial structure and commuting patterns: A case study of Beijing, China","volume":"59","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/01944361003766766","article-title":"Travel and the built environment","volume":"76","author":"Ewing","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Plan. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ewing, R., and Cervero, R. (2001). Travel and the Built Environment: A Synthesis. Transp. Res. Rec., 87\u2013114.","DOI":"10.3141\/1780-10"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2017.02.002","article-title":"Influences of built environment characteristics and individual factors on commuting distance: A multilevel mixture hazard modeling approach","volume":"51","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-010-9275-z","article-title":"The effect of neighbourhood characteristics, accessibility, home-work location, and demographics on commuting distances","volume":"37","author":"Manaugh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-007-9131-y","article-title":"The built environment and travel behavior: Making the connection","volume":"34","author":"Guo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102319","article-title":"Is accessibility an idea whose time has finally come?","volume":"83","author":"Handy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2021.103114","article-title":"Driving as a commuting travel mode choice of car owners in urban China: Roles of the built environment","volume":"112","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2016.06.011","article-title":"Satisfaction with the commute: The role of travel mode choice, built environment and attitudes","volume":"52","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2019.01.012","article-title":"How does the built environment at residential and work locations affect car ownership? An application of cross-classified multilevel model","volume":"75","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102574","article-title":"Exploring extreme commuting and its relationship to land use and socioeconomics in the central Puget Sound","volume":"88","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, E., Ye, Z., and Bi, H. (2019). Incorporating smart card data in spatio-temporal analysis of metro travel distances. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11247069"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1236536","article-title":"Bayes\u2019 theorem in the 21st century","volume":"340","author":"Efron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-015-1915-3","article-title":"Binary logistic regression versus stochastic gradient boosted decision trees in assessing landslide susceptibility for multiple-occurring landslide events: Application to the 2009 storm event in Messina (Sicily, southern Italy)","volume":"79","author":"Lombardo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Liu, J., Liang, Y., Lu, Y., and Yang, H. (2021). Spatially varying effects of street greenery on walking time of older adults. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Information, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10090596"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/01944360608976751","article-title":"Alternative approaches to modeling the travel-demand impacts of smart growth","volume":"72","author":"Cervero","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Plan. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2012.692173","article-title":"The Impact of the Built Environment on Individual Workers\u2019 Commuting Behavior in Beijing","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Transp."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2014.08.001","article-title":"Exploring the influence of built environment on tour-based commuter mode choice: A cross-classified multilevel modeling approach","volume":"32","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3141\/2134-01","article-title":"Influences of built environment on walking and cycling by latent segments of aging population","volume":"2134","author":"Kemperman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2003.10.006","article-title":"Factors influencing light-rail station boardings in the United States","volume":"38","author":"Kuby","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-9209(97)00009-6","article-title":"Travel demand and the 3Ds: Density, diversity, and design","volume":"2","author":"Cervero","year":"1997","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2021.07.001","article-title":"Online grocery shopping for the elderly in Quebec, Canada: The role of mobility impediments and past online shopping experience","volume":"25","author":"Bezirgani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-016-9680-z","article-title":"Elderly travel frequencies and transport mode choices in Greater Rotterdam, the Netherlands","volume":"44","author":"Helbich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2009.01.002","article-title":"Transport mobility benefits and quality of life: A time-use perspective of elderly Canadians","volume":"16","author":"Spinney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1080\/01944360408976383","article-title":"The role of land use in travel mode choice: Evidence from Boston and Hong Kong","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Plan. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2016.06.001","article-title":"Built environmental impacts on commuting mode choice and distance: Evidence from Shanghai","volume":"52","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2019.04.011","article-title":"How does the station-area built environment influence Metrorail ridership? Using gradient boosting decision trees to identify non-linear thresholds","volume":"77","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2020.08.014","article-title":"On the importance of Shenzhen metro transit to land development and threshold effect","volume":"99","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3627","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098012447000","article-title":"Functional Polycentricity: Examining Metropolitan Spatial Structure through the Connectivity of Urban Sub-centres","volume":"49","author":"Vasanen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/0885412219853259","article-title":"Urban Spatial Structure and Travel in China","volume":"35","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Plan. Lit."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2014.06.022","article-title":"Spatial analysis of access to and accessibility surrounding train stations: A case study of accessibility for the elderly in Perth, Western Australia","volume":"39","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2014.12.004","article-title":"Exploring frequency of public transport use among older adults: A study in Adelaide, Australia","volume":"2","author":"Truong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2017.07.005","article-title":"Spatio-temporal travel characteristics of the elderly in an ageing society","volume":"9","author":"Szeto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2017.12.015","article-title":"Public transport policy measures for improving elderly mobility","volume":"63","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.5198\/jtlu.2021.1805","article-title":"Understanding jobs-housing imbalance in urban China: A case study of Shanghai","volume":"14","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transp. Land Use"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2018.08.041","article-title":"Synergistic effects of the built environment and commuting programs on commute mode choice","volume":"118","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2011.02.001","article-title":"Urban land uses, socio-demographic attributes and commuting: A multilevel modeling approach","volume":"31","author":"Antipova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"46","article-title":"Examining the Relationship Between Neighborhood Built Environment and Travel Behavior: A Review from the US Perspective","volume":"30","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban Plan. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2018.02.009","article-title":"Applying gradient boosting decision trees to examine non-linear effects of the built environment on driving distance in Oslo","volume":"110","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2020.11.014","article-title":"Elaborating non-linear associations and synergies of subway access and land uses with urban vitality in Shenzhen","volume":"144","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/11\/2\/124\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:17:03Z","timestamp":1760134623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/11\/2\/124"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi11020124"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi11020124","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]}}}