{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T23:36:22Z","timestamp":1768779382799,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Basic Research Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFE0126600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0126600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Major Project of Science and Technology of Henan Province","award":["201400210300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201400210300"]}]},{"name":"the Key Scientific and Technological Project of Henan Province","award":["212102210496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212102210496"]}]},{"name":"the Key Research and Promotion Projects of Henan Province","award":["212102210393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212102210393"]}]},{"name":"the Key Research and Promotion Projects of Henan Province","award":["202102110121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102110121"]}]},{"name":"the Key Research and Promotion Projects of Henan Province","award":["202102210368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102210368"]}]},{"name":"the Key Research and Promotion Projects of Henan Province","award":["19210221009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19210221009"]}]},{"name":"Kaifeng science and technology development plan","award":["2002001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2002001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62176087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62176087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission (SZSTI) - Shenzhen Virtual Univer-sity Park (SZVUP) Special Fund Project","award":["2021Szvup032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021Szvup032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent years have seen rapid progress in target-detection missions, whereas small targets, dense target distribution, and shadow occlusion continue to hinder progress in the detection of small targets, such as cars, in remote sensing images. To address this shortcoming, we propose herein a backbone feature-extraction network called \u201cRepDarkNet\u201d that adds several convolutional layers to CSPDarkNet53. RepDarkNet considerably improves the overall network accuracy with almost no increase in inference time. In addition, we propose a multi-scale cross-layer detector that significantly improves the capability of the network to detect small targets. Finally, a feature fusion network is proposed to further improve the performance of the algorithm in the AP@0.75 case. Experiments show that the proposed method dramatically improves detection accuracy, achieving AP = 75.53% for the Dior-vehicle dataset and mAP = 84.3% for the Dior dataset, both of which exceed the state-of-the-art level. Finally, we present a series of improvement strategies that justifies our improvement measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11030158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T22:34:30Z","timestamp":1645569270000},"page":"158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["RepDarkNet: A Multi-Branched Detector for Small-Target Detection in Remote Sensing Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8741-0827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liming","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Processing, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China"},{"name":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Processing, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China"},{"name":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoxin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Processing, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China"},{"name":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianyu","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Processing, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China"},{"name":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7018-646X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Processing, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China"},{"name":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China"},{"name":"Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Spatial Information Processing, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baojun","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Processing, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China"},{"name":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2016.03.014","article-title":"A survey on object detection in optical remote sensing images","volume":"117","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS J. 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