{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T22:10:56Z","timestamp":1768687856150,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U21A20109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A20109"]}]},{"name":"Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2017QNRC023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017QNRC023"]}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship from CAST","award":["U21A20109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A20109"]}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship from CAST","award":["2017QNRC023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017QNRC023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Yellow River Basin (YRB) has been facing severe water shortages; hence, the long-term dynamic monitoring of its surface water area (SWA) is essential for the efficient utilization of its water resources and sustainable socioeconomic development. In order to detect the changing trajectory of the SWA of the YRB and its influencing factors, we used available Landsat images from 1986 through to 2019 and a water and vegetation indices-based method to analyze the spatial\u2013temporal variability of four types of SWAs (permanent, seasonal, maximum and average extents), and their relationship with precipitation (Pre), temperature (Temp), leaf area index (LAI) and surface soil moisture (SM).The multi-year average permanent surface water area (SWA) and seasonal SWA accounted for 46.48% and 53.52% in the Yellow River Basin (YRB), respectively. The permanent and seasonal water bodies were dominantly distributed in the upper reaches, accounting for 70.22% and 48.79% of these types, respectively. The rate of increase of the permanent SWA was 49.82 km2\/a, of which the lower reaches contributed the most (34.34%), and the rate of decrease of the seasonal SWA was 79.18 km2\/a, of which the contribution of the source region was the highest (25.99%). The seasonal SWA only exhibited decreasing trends in 13 sub-basins, accounting for 15% of all of the sub-basins, which indicates that the decrease in the seasonal SWA was dominantly caused by the change in the SWA in the main river channel region. The conversions from seasonal water to non-water bodies, and from seasonal to permanent water bodies were the dominant trends from 1986 to 2019 in the YRB. The SWA was positively correlated with precipitation, and was negatively correlated with the temperature. Because the permanent and seasonal water bodies were dominantly distributed in the river channel region and sub-basins, respectively, the change in the permanent SWA was significantly affected by the regulation of the major reservoirs, whereas the change in the seasonal SWA was more closely related to climate change. The increase in the soil moisture was helpful in the formation of the permanent water bodies. The increased evapotranspiration induced by vegetation greening played a significant positive role in the SWA increase via the local cooling and humidifying effects, which offset the accelerated water surface evaporation caused by the atmospheric warming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11050305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T08:31:55Z","timestamp":1652171515000},"page":"305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Continuous Monitoring of the Surface Water Area in the Yellow River Basin during 1986\u20132019 Using Available Landsat Imagery and the Google Earth Engine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Qingfeng","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}]},{"given":"Chongwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4984-1623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Water Resources, Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Yellow River Conservancy Commission, Zhengzhou 450003, China"},{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Protection and Restoration of the Yellow River Basin, Zhengzhou 450003, China"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Water Resources, Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Yellow River Conservancy Commission, Zhengzhou 450003, China"}]},{"given":"Wenkai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"64","article-title":"The United Nations World Water Development Report 2015: Water for a Sustainable World","volume":"4","author":"Amprako","year":"2016","journal-title":"Future Food J. 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