{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T11:15:17Z","timestamp":1782126917857,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA23100303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA23100303"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Geography is a fundamentally important discipline that provides a framework for understanding the complex surface of our Earth [...]<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11050308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T03:28:43Z","timestamp":1652326123000},"page":"308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Geographic Complexity: Concepts, Theories, and Practices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Changxiu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel A.","family":"Cushman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung-Chak","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban Planning and Design, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1714-779X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peichao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/02723646.2001.10642747","article-title":"Complex responses to global change at alpine treeline","volume":"22","author":"Malanson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.20.110189.001131","article-title":"Landscape ecology: The effect of pattern on process","volume":"20","author":"Turner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cushman, S.A. (2010). Space and time in ecology: Noise or fundamental driver?. Spatial Complexity, Informatics, and Wildlife Conservation, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-87771-4"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1068\/a37100","article-title":"Space, place, and complexity science","volume":"38","author":"Manson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. A"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1068\/b3402ed","article-title":"Space, complexity, and agent-based modeling","volume":"34","author":"Evans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-015-0305-2","article-title":"Calculating the configurational entropy of a landscape mosaic","volume":"31","author":"Cushman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1133","article-title":"A hierarchy-based solution to calculate the configurational entropy of landscape gradients","volume":"32","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1397","article-title":"Geographic big-data: A new opportunity for geography complexity study","volume":"73","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1204","article-title":"Geography complexity: New connotations of geography in the new era","volume":"73","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, C.X., Zhang, T., Su, K., Gao, P.C., and Shen, S. (2019). Assessing the intensity of the population affected by a complex natural disaster using social media data. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8080358"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X.F., Hu, C.Y., Liu, Z., and Meng, Y.Y. (2019). Weighted dynamic time warping for grid-based travel-demand-pattern clustering: Case study of Beijing bicycle-sharing system. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8060281"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., and Wu, Z.W. (2020). A head\/tail breaks-based method for efficiently estimating the absolute Boltzmann entropy of numerical raster data. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9020103"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X.L., Gao, B.B., Bai, Z.K., Pan, Y.C., and Gao, Y.B. (2020). An improved parallelized multi-objective optimization method for complex geographical spatial sampling: AMOSA-II. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9040236"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H.M., Du, Y.Y., Sun, Y., Liang, F.Y., Yi, J.W., and Wang, N. (2019). Clustering complex trajectories based on topologic similarity and spatial proximity: A case study of the mesoscale ocean eddies in the South China Sea. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8120574"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobesova, Z. (2020). Experiment in finding look-alike European cities using urban atlas data. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9060406"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, L.H., Chen, X.Q., Song, C.Q., Cao, D.P., and Yi, H. (2021). Spatiotemporal evolution and determinant factors of the intra-regional trade community structures of the Indian Ocean Region. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10040214"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y.H., Song, C.Q., Sigley, G., Chen, X.Q., and Yuan, L.H. (2020). Using social networks to analyze the spatiotemporal patterns of the rolling stock manufacturing industry for countries in the Belt and Road Initiative. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9070431"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, S.D., Wang, X.P., and Ma, Z.S. (2021). Study on fractal characteristics of migration-population flow\u2014Evidence from Egypt. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10020045"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J.Y., Liang, X.Y., and Chen, H. (2020). Landscape sustainability evaluation of ecologically fragile areas based on Boltzmann entropy. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9020077"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J., Peng, S., Zhang, W.W., and Kang, S. (2020). Index for the consistent measurement of spatial heterogeneity for large-scale land cover datasets. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9080483"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, D., Guo, R.Z., Zheng, Y., Zhao, Z.G., He, F.N., and Zhu, W. (2020). Understanding Chinese urban form: The universal fractal pattern of street networks over 298 cities. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9040192"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, D., Zhao, Z.G., Zheng, Y., Guo, R.Z., and Zhu, W. (2020). PolySimp: A tool for polygon simplification based on the underlying scaling hierarchy. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9100594"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-014-0108-x","article-title":"Thermodynamics in landscape ecology: The importance of integrating measurement and modeling of landscape entropy","volume":"30","author":"Cushman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/11\/5\/308\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:09:37Z","timestamp":1760137777000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/11\/5\/308"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi11050308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi11050308","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]}}}