{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T17:03:16Z","timestamp":1784998996694,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study used metro smart-card data from Wuhan, China, and explored the impact of the built environment on the metro ridership and station travel distance of elderly people using geographically weighted regression (GWR). First, our results show that elderly ridership at transfer stations is significantly higher than that at non-transfer stations. The building floor area ratio and the number of commercial facilities positively impact elderly ridership, while the number of road intersections and general hospitals has the opposite impact, of which factors show significant heterogeneity. Second, our results show that the average travel distance of terminal stations is significantly higher than that of non-terminal stations, and the average travel distance of non-transfer stations is higher than that of transfer stations. The distance of stations from the subcenter and building volume ratio have a positive effect, while station opening time and betweenness centrality have a negative effect. Our findings may provide insights for the optimization of land use in the built environment of age-friendly metros, help in the formulation of relevant policies to enhance elderly mobility, and provide a reference for other similar cities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11050315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T12:25:57Z","timestamp":1652963157000},"page":"315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The Impact of Built Environment Factors on Elderly People\u2019s Mobility Characteristics by Metro System Considering Spatial Heterogeneity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zehan","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenshu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huanjie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiandong","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Nations, U., Economic, D., Affairs, S., and Division, P. (2019). World Population Prospects 2019 Highlights, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1080\/15568310903145212","article-title":"Neighborhood Design and the Accessibility of the Elderly: An Empirical Analysis in Northern California","volume":"4","author":"Cao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Transp."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2019.03.010","article-title":"Active Travel for Active Ageing in China: The Role of Built Environment","volume":"76","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2018.05.007","article-title":"Modeling the Mobility Choices of Older People in a Transit-Oriented City: Policy Insights","volume":"76","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2009.01.002","article-title":"Transport Mobility Benefits and Quality of Life: A Time-Use Perspective of Elderly Canadians","volume":"16","author":"Spinney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2017.12.015","article-title":"Public Transport Policy Measures for Improving Elderly Mobility","volume":"63","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-070X(03)00052-0","article-title":"Quality of Life for the Elderly: The Transport Dimension","volume":"11","author":"Banister","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2019.04.001","article-title":"Spatio-Temporal Travel Patterns of Elderly People\u2014A Comparative Study Based on Buses Usage in Qingdao, China","volume":"76","author":"Shao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2019.04.011","article-title":"How Does the Station-Area Built Environment Influence Metrorail Ridership? Using Gradient Boosting Decision Trees to Identify Non-Linear Thresholds","volume":"77","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102332","article-title":"Examining the Relationship between Built Environment and Metro Ridership at Station-to-Station Level","volume":"82","author":"Gan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2019.05.013","article-title":"Understanding the Impact of Built Environment on Metro Ridership Using Open Source in Shanghai","volume":"93","author":"An","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/01944361003766766","article-title":"Travel and the Built Environment","volume":"76","author":"Ewing","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Plan. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2020.102878","article-title":"Threshold and Moderating Effects of Land Use on Metro Ridership in Shenzhen: Implications for TOD Planning","volume":"89","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2012.692173","article-title":"The Impact of the Built Environment on Individual Workers\u2019 Commuting Behavior in Beijing","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Transp."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3141\/2134-01","article-title":"Influences of Built Environment on Walking and Cycling by Latent Segments of Aging Population","volume":"2134","author":"Kemperman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2003.10.006","article-title":"Factors Influencing Light-Rail Station Boardings in the United States","volume":"38","author":"Kuby","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-016-9680-z","article-title":"Elderly Travel Frequencies and Transport Mode Choices in Greater Rotterdam, The Netherlands","volume":"44","author":"Helbich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2021.07.001","article-title":"Online Grocery Shopping for the Elderly in Quebec, Canada: The Role of Mobility Impediments and Past Online Shopping Experience","volume":"25","author":"Bezirgani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1080\/02723638.2015.1039407","article-title":"Elderly Co-Residence and the Household Responsibilities Hypothesis: Evidence from Nanjing, China","volume":"36","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban Geogr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2013.08.099","article-title":"Understanding the Travel Behavior of Elderly People in the Developing Country: A Case Study of Changchun, China","volume":"96","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2015.12.001","article-title":"An Investigation of the Attributes of Walkable Environments from the Perspective of Seniors in Montreal","volume":"51","author":"Moniruzzaman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2016.06.001","article-title":"Built Environmental Impacts on Commuting Mode Choice and Distance: Evidence from Shanghai","volume":"52","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1080\/01944360408976383","article-title":"The Role of Land Use in Travel Mode Choice: Evidence from Boston and Hong Kong","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Plan. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2009.08.002","article-title":"Influence of Environmental Street Characteristics on Walking Route Choice of Elderly People","volume":"29","author":"Borst","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-013-9508-z","article-title":"New Evidence on Walking Distances to Transit Stops: Identifying Redundancies and Gaps Using Variable Service Areas","volume":"41","author":"Grimsrud","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1068\/a130070p","article-title":"Trip Generation of Seniors and the Geography of Walking in Montreal","volume":"47","author":"Moniruzzaman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. A Econ. Space"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2015.08.002","article-title":"Land Use Characteristics of Subway Catchment Areas and Their Influence on Subway Ridership in Seoul","volume":"48","author":"Jun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2019.09.019","article-title":"Investigating Walking Accessibility to Recreational Amenities for Elderly People in Nanjing, China","volume":"76","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2014.09.008","article-title":"Destinations Matter: The Association between Where Older Adults Live and Their Travel Behavior","volume":"2","author":"Chudyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/01944363.2016.1163238","article-title":"Parks for an Aging Population: Needs and Preferences of Low-Income Seniors in Los Angeles","volume":"82","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Plan. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.01.002","article-title":"Green Space as a Buffer between Stressful Life Events and Health","volume":"70","author":"Maas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2014.06.022","article-title":"Spatial Analysis of Access to and Accessibility Surrounding Train Stations: A Case Study of Accessibility for the Elderly in Perth, Western Australia","volume":"39","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2014.12.004","article-title":"Exploring Frequency of Public Transport Use among Older Adults: A Study in Adelaide, Australia","volume":"2","author":"Truong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2017.10.004","article-title":"Elderly Users\u2019 Level of Satisfaction with Public Transport Services in a High-Density and Transit-Oriented City","volume":"7","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2014.03.013","article-title":"Exploring the Impacts of Land Use by Service Coverage and Station-Level Accessibility on Rail Transit Ridership","volume":"36","author":"Sung","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2014.11.006","article-title":"Long Term Effects of an Intervention in the Outdoor Environment-a Comparison of Older People\u2019s Perception in Two Residential Areas, in One of Which Accessibility Improvements Were Introduced","volume":"42","author":"Hallgrimsdottir","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hess, D.B. (2009). Access to Public Transit and Its Influence on Ridership for Older Adults in Two U.S. Cities, University at Buffalo.","DOI":"10.5198\/jtlu.v2i1.11"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2021.101072","article-title":"Go-along with Older People to Public Transport in High-Density Cities: Understanding the Concerns and Walking Barriers through Their Lens","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-007-9131-y","article-title":"The Built Environment and Travel Behavior: Making the Connection","volume":"34","author":"Guo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2012.02.005","article-title":"Evaluation of Flexible Route Bus Transport for Older People","volume":"21","author":"Broome","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2019.04.002","article-title":"Analysis of Elderly People\u2019s Travel Behaviours during the Morning Peak Hours in the Context of the Free Bus Programme in Beijing, China","volume":"76","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102047","article-title":"Walk Accessibility to Metro Stations: An Analysis Based on Meso- or Micro-Scale Built Environment Factors","volume":"55","author":"Bivina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103431","article-title":"Exploring the Spatial Heterogeneity of Urban Heat Island Effect and Its Relationship to Block Morphology with the Geographically Weighted Regression Model","volume":"76","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2003.10.001","article-title":"The 2001 National Household Travel Survey: A Look into the Travel Patterns of Older Americans","volume":"34","author":"Collia","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2017.07.005","article-title":"Spatio-Temporal Travel Characteristics of the Elderly in an Ageing Society","volume":"9","author":"Szeto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2010.05.001","article-title":"Factors Generating Boardings at Metro Stations in the Seoul Metropolitan Area","volume":"27","author":"Sohn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2022.103308","article-title":"Unraveling the Relative Contribution of TOD Structural Factors to Metro Ridership: A Novel Localized Modeling Approach with Implications on Spatial Planning","volume":"100","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2016.05.016","article-title":"How Does the Propensity of Living near Rail Transit Moderate the Influence of Rail Transit on Transit Trip Frequency in Xi\u2019an?","volume":"54","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3141\/2397-14","article-title":"Combined Effects of Compact Development, Transportation Investments, and Road User Pricing on Vehicle Miles Traveled in Urbanized Areas","volume":"2397","author":"Ewing","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3141\/2537-11","article-title":"Direct Ridership Model of Rail Rapid Transit Systems in Canada","volume":"2537","author":"Durning","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-018-9885-4","article-title":"Understanding Urban Mobility Patterns from a Spatiotemporal Perspective: Daily Ridership Profiles of Metro Stations","volume":"47","author":"Gan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2021.103176","article-title":"Elderly Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Exploration in Kunming, China","volume":"96","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, J., Cui, C., Qi, J., Ruan, Z., Dai, Q., and Yang, H. (2021). The Evolvement of Rail Transit Network Structure and Impact on Travel Characteristics: A Case Study of Wuhan. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10110789"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2021.12.008","article-title":"A Double Jeopardy: COVID-19 Impacts on the Travel Behavior and Community Living of People with Disabilities","volume":"156","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2021.03.021","article-title":"Non-Linear Associations between Zonal Built Environment Attributes and Transit Commuting Mode Choice Accounting for Spatial Heterogeneity","volume":"148","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, X., Zhou, J., Sheng, F., and Niu, Q. (2022). Influences of Built Environment at Residential and Work Locations on Commuting Distance: Evidence from Wuhan, China. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11020124"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-9209(01)00024-4","article-title":"Built Environments and Mode Choice: Toward a Normative Framework","volume":"7","author":"Cervero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2004.07.007","article-title":"Travel Behavior within Canada\u2019s Older Population: A Cohort Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Newbold","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/11\/5\/315\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:14:33Z","timestamp":1760138073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/11\/5\/315"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi11050315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi11050315","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]]}}}