{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T03:42:09Z","timestamp":1762054929714,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41831284","41901262","GK202103124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41831284","41901262","GK202103124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, SNNU","award":["41831284","41901262","GK202103124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41831284","41901262","GK202103124"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accessibility plays an important role in alleviating rural poverty. Previous studies have explored the relationship between accessibility and rural poverty, but they offer limited evidence of the collective influence of multiscale transport accessibility (town-level, county-level, and prefecture-level accessibility) and its nonlinear effects on rural poverty. This study adopted the gradient-boosting decision tree model to explore the nonlinear association and threshold effects of multiscale transport accessibility on the rural poverty incidence (RPI). We selected Huining, a poverty-stricken county in China, as a case study. The results show that multiscale transport accessibility collectively has larger predictive power than other variables. Specifically, town-level accessibility (12.97%) plays a dominant role in predicting the RPI, followed by county-level accessibility (9.50%) and prefecture-level accessibility (7.38%). We further identified the nonlinear association and effective ranges of multiscale transport accessibility to guide poverty-alleviation policy. Our results help inform policy and planning on sustainable poverty reduction and rural vitalization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11060352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T01:48:12Z","timestamp":1655430492000},"page":"352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Applying Decision Trees to Examine the Nonlinear Effects of Multiscale Transport Accessibility on Rural Poverty in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3771-5902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leibo","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Land and Resources Research Center, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Land and Resources Research Center, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}]},{"given":"Menglong","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Land and Resources Research Center, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoshu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Land and Resources Research Center, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232491","article-title":"On the psychology of poverty","volume":"344","author":"Haushofer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"161","article-title":"Geographic detection and optimizing decision of the differentiation mechanism of rural poverty in China","volume":"72","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Bank Group (2020). Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020, World Bank Group."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spasta.2020.100461","article-title":"Using multiple linear regression and random forests to identify spatial poverty determinants in rural China","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spat. Stat."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2011.05.004","article-title":"Transit ridership forecasting at station level: An approach based on distance-decay weighted regression","volume":"19","author":"Cardozo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2010.11.002","article-title":"Improved accessibility modeling and its relation to poverty\u2014A case study in Southern Sri Lanka","volume":"35","author":"Lindberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Pozzi, F., Robinson, T., and Nelson, A. (2009). Accessibility Mapping and Rural Poverty in the Horn of Africa, FAO. PPLPI Working Paper-Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.12.068","article-title":"Building a sustainable development model for China\u2019s poverty-stricken reservoir regions based on system dynamics","volume":"176","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00168-009-0330-7","article-title":"How remote are Vietnam\u2019s ethnic minorities? An analysis of spatial patterns of poverty and inequality","volume":"46","author":"Epprecht","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Reg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-018-0943-9","article-title":"Multi-scale Spatial Patterns and Influencing Factors of Rural Poverty: A Case Study in the Liupan Mountain Region, Gansu Province, China","volume":"28","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16769","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611107104","article-title":"Spatial determinants of poverty in rural Kenya","volume":"104","author":"Okwi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9192(00)00022-1","article-title":"A downward spiral? Research evidence on the relationship between poverty and natural resource degradation","volume":"25","author":"Scherr","year":"2000","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2017.10.006","article-title":"Natural topographic controls on the spatial distribution of poverty-stricken counties in China","volume":"90","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2017.04.002","article-title":"Spatio-temporal patterns of rural poverty in China and targeted poverty alleviation strategies","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Rural Stud."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2016.06.004","article-title":"A geographic identification of multidimensional poverty in rural China under the framework of sustainable livelihoods analysis","volume":"73","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2016.05.013","article-title":"Spatial distribution characteristics and optimized reconstruction analysis of China\u2019s rural settlements during the process of rapid urbanization","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Rural Stud."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-750X(02)00220-6","article-title":"Livelihoods and Chronic Poverty in Semi-Arid Zimbabwe","volume":"31","author":"Bird","year":"2003","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1812969116","article-title":"Socioecologically informed use of remote sensing data to predict rural household poverty","volume":"116","author":"Watmough","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8381.00149","article-title":"The Spatial Dimension of Welfare and Poverty: Lessons from a Regional Targeting Programme in Indonesia","volume":"15","author":"Daimon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Asian Econ. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1006\/jcec.1998.1526","article-title":"Transient Poverty in Postreform Rural China","volume":"26","author":"Jalan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Comp. Econ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2020.04.018","article-title":"Do settlements isolation and land use changes affect poverty? Evidence from a mountainous province of China","volume":"76","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Rural Stud."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2019.102553","article-title":"Measuring access to urban centres in rural Northeast Brazil: A spatial accessibility poverty index","volume":"82","author":"Benevenuto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T., Cao, X., Qiu, M., and Li, Y. (2020). Exploring the Spatial Determinants of Rural Poverty in the Interprovincial Border Areas of the Loess Plateau in China: A Village-Level Analysis Using Geographically Weighted Regression. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9060345"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2011.12.005","article-title":"Transport poverty meets the digital divide: Accessibility and connectivity in rural communities","volume":"21","author":"Velaga","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, D., and Song, W. (2022). Does the Accessibility of Regional Internal and External Traffic Play the Same Role in Achieving Anti-Poverty Goals?. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11010090"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2020.01.007","article-title":"Rural economic benefits of land consolidation in mountainous and hilly areas of southeast China: Implications for rural development","volume":"74","author":"Ying","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Rural Stud."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013203451","article-title":"Greedy function approximation: A gradient boosting machine","volume":"29","author":"Friedman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Stat."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2018.02.009","article-title":"Applying gradient boosting decision trees to examine non-linear effects of the built environment on driving distance in Oslo","volume":"110","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102445","article-title":"Nonlinear effect of accessibility on car ownership in Beijing: Pedestrian-scale neighborhood planning","volume":"86","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"HCBS (2019). Huining Statistics Yearbook."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spasta.2017.02.010","article-title":"Space\u2013time variability analysis of poverty alleviation performance in China\u2019s poverty-stricken areas","volume":"21","author":"Ge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spat. Stat."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1108\/CAER-11-2015-0157","article-title":"Realizing targeted poverty alleviation in China: People\u2019s voices, implementation challenges and policy implications","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"China Agric. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spasta.2017.02.009","article-title":"Understanding the inconsistent relationships between socioeconomic factors and poverty incidence across contiguous poverty-stricken regions in China: Multilevel modelling","volume":"21","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spat. Stat."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/01944365908978307","article-title":"How Accessibility Shapes Land Use","volume":"25","author":"Hansen","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Am. Inst. Plan."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2015.09.009","article-title":"Accessibility and transport infrastructure improvement assessment: The role of borders and multilateral resistance","volume":"82","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2014.07.004","article-title":"Impacts on accessibility of China\u2019s present and future HSR network","volume":"40","author":"Jiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Christaller, W. (1966). Central Place in Southern Germany, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Generalized Boosted Models: A Guide to the Gbm Package","volume":"1","author":"Greg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Compute"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0500500304","article-title":"Boosted regression (boosting): An introductory tutorial and a Stata plugin","volume":"5","author":"Schonlau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stata J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2015.10.031","article-title":"Understanding the Evidence Base for Poverty\u2013Environment Relationships using Remotely Sensed Satellite Data: An Example from Assam, India","volume":"78","author":"Watmough","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2017.03.003","article-title":"Regional development boundary of China\u2019s Loess Plateau: Water limit and land shortage","volume":"74","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2019.01.007","article-title":"Targeted poverty alleviation and its practices in rural China: A case study of Fuping county, Hebei Province","volume":"93","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Rural Stud."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2019.01.005","article-title":"Livelihood resilience and the generative mechanism of rural households out of poverty: An empirical analysis from Lankao County, Henan Province, China","volume":"93","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Rural Stud."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.055921","article-title":"The Effect of Poverty and Caregiver Education on Perceived Need and Access to Health Services Among Children With Special Health Care Needs","volume":"97","author":"Porterfield","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progress.2008.04.001","article-title":"Infrastructure and rural development: Household perceptions on rural development","volume":"70","author":"Barrios","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Plan."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1810","article-title":"Geographical patterns and anti-poverty targeting post-2020 in China","volume":"28","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-014-0441-5","article-title":"Integrating Spatial Land Use Analysis and Mathematical Material Flow Analysis for Nutrient Management: A Case Study of the Bang Pakong River Basin in Thailand","volume":"55","author":"Kupkanchanakul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-019-1623-0","article-title":"Land use and landscape change driven by gully land consolidation project: A case study of a typical watershed in the Loess Plateau","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-014-1083-5","article-title":"Land consolidation: An indispensable way of spatial restructuring in rural China","volume":"24","author":"Long","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2018.12.024","article-title":"Land consolidation boosting poverty alleviation in China: Theory and practice","volume":"82","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2016.06.006","article-title":"Spatial restructuring through poverty alleviation resettlement in rural China","volume":"47","author":"Lo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Rural Stud."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"13","article-title":"China\u2019s poverty alleviation resettlement: Progress, problems and solutions","volume":"98","author":"Yang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Habitat Int."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/11\/6\/352\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:33:17Z","timestamp":1760139197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/11\/6\/352"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi11060352"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi11060352","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]]}}}