{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T21:15:40Z","timestamp":1784322940941,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Scientific Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research Institutes","award":["AR2117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR2117"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Scientific Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research Institutes","award":["A2113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2113"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Scientific Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research Institutes","award":["A2214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2214"]}]},{"name":"Natural Resources Planning and Management Project","award":["AR2117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR2117"]}]},{"name":"Natural Resources Planning and Management Project","award":["A2113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2113"]}]},{"name":"Natural Resources Planning and Management Project","award":["A2214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2214"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a regional management unit to solve \"urban diseases,\u201d metropolitan areas are gradually attracting widespread attention. How to objectively and accurately delineate the boundaries of a metropolitan area is the primary prerequisite for carrying out targeted studies and precisely formulating regional planning measures. However, the existing methods for delineating metropolitan area boundaries have problems, such as high data acquisition costs, subjectivity, and a single perspective of urban linkage. To address the above problems, we propose a \u201cbottom-up\u201d approach to metropolitan area boundary delineation based on urban comprehensive spatial linkages. We used only publicly available data to construct a directionally weighted network of urban spatial linkages, and applied community detection algorithms to delineate metropolitan area boundaries. Taking the Beijing\u2013Tianjin\u2013Hebei region as a case study area, the method\u2019s validity was confirmed. The results showed the following: (1) Eight metropolitan areas were delineated within the region, with two types of metropolitan areas: \u201cInter-municipal\u201d and \u201csingle-city\u201d. (2) The overall accuracy of the delineation results reached 83.41%, which is highly consistent with their corresponding isochrone maps. (3) Most metropolitan areas were observed to have an obvious \u201ccentral\u2013peripheral\u201d structure, with only the JingJinLang metropolitan area being a polycentric mature metropolitan area, whereas the other metropolitan areas remained in the initial stage of development, with Zhangjiakou and Chengde not yet having formed metropolitan areas. This study\u2019s methodology highlights the basic criteria of \u201cinter-city spatial linkage\u201d as the foundation for boundary delineation, avoiding the inaccuracy caused by the subjective selection of boundary thresholds, and can also accurately determine the developmental stage and internal spatial structure of metropolitan areas. Our method can provide new perspectives for regional boundary delineation and spatial planning policy formulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11070396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T22:06:00Z","timestamp":1657749960000},"page":"396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Identification of Metropolitan Area Boundaries Based on Comprehensive Spatial Linkages of Cities: A Case Study of the Beijing\u2013Tianjin\u2013Hebei Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7518-4631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying & Mapping, Beijing 100036, China"},{"name":"School of Geomatics and Spatial Information, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying & Mapping, Beijing 100036, China"},{"name":"School of Geomatics and Spatial Information, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaogang","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying & Mapping, Beijing 100036, China"},{"name":"School of Geomatics and Spatial Information, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6041-8224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying & Mapping, Beijing 100036, China"},{"name":"School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2724-7201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruowen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying & Mapping, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huibing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land Satellite Remote Sensing Application Center, MNR, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-2046(03)00026-4","article-title":"Landscape change and the urbanization process in Europe","volume":"67","author":"Antrop","year":"2004","journal-title":"Landsc. 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