{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T20:34:59Z","timestamp":1772742899882,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Forest canopy cover (FCC) is one of the most important forest inventory parameters and plays a critical role in evaluating forest functions. This study examines the potential of integrating Sentinel-1 (S-1) and Sentinel-2 (S-2) data to map FCC in the heterogeneous Mediterranean oak forests of western Iran in different data densities (one-year datasets vs. three-year datasets). This study used very high-resolution satellite images from Google Earth, gridded points, and field inventory plots to generate a reference dataset. Based on it, four FCC classes were defined, namely non-forest, sparse forest (FCC = 1\u201330%), medium-density forest (FCC = 31\u201360%), and dense forest (FCC &gt; 60%). In this study, three machine learning (ML) models, including Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Classification and Regression Tree (CART), were used in the Google Earth Engine and their performance was compared for classification. Results showed that the SVM produced the highest accuracy on FCC mapping. The three-year time series increased the ability of all ML models to classify FCC classes, in particular the sparse forest class, which was not distinguished well by the one-year dataset. Class-level accuracy assessment results showed a remarkable increase in F-1 scores for sparse forest classification by integrating S-1 and S-2 (10.4% to 18.2% increased for the CART and SVM ML models, respectively). In conclusion, the synergetic use of S-1 and S-2 spectral temporal metrics improved the classification accuracy compared to that obtained using only S-2. The study relied on open data and freely available tools and can be integrated into national monitoring systems of FCC in Mediterranean oak forests of Iran and neighboring countries with similar forest attributes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11080423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T22:03:42Z","timestamp":1658873022000},"page":"423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Influence of Data Density and Integration on Forest Canopy Cover Mapping Using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Time Series in Mediterranean Oak Forests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1861-4732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vahid","family":"Nasiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 900152 Brasov, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5562-6770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Mohammad Moein","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Engineering, Forest Management Planning and Terrestrial Measurements, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500123 Brasov, Romania"},{"name":"School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0036-0033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fardin","family":"Moradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerial Monitoring Research Group, Razi University, Kermanshah 6714414971, Iran"}]},{"given":"Samaneh","family":"Afshari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj 1417643184, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3453-8530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azade","family":"Deljouei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Engineering, Forest Management Planning and Terrestrial Measurements, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500123 Brasov, Romania"},{"name":"School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3856-3736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Verena C.","family":"Griess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental System Sciences, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7150-608X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Maftei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 900152 Brasov, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4571-7235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stelian Alexandru","family":"Borz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Engineering, Forest Management Planning and Terrestrial Measurements, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500123 Brasov, Romania"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, H., Song, L., Li, Y., Ma, M., and Fan, L. 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