{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T10:45:11Z","timestamp":1776077111443,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cartographic representations are subject to sensory perception and rely on the translation of sensory perceptions into cartographic symbols. In this respect, cartography is closely related to aesthetics, as it represents an academic discipline of sensory perceptions. The scholarly concern with cartographic aesthetics, by today, has strongly been focused on the aesthetic impact of cartographic representations. The consideration of the philosophical sub-discipline of aesthetics however is rather restrained. This is also true for the connection between sociological questions and the social construction of aesthetic judgments. We address both topics in this article. We refer to post-critical cartographic theory. It accepts the socially constructed nature and power-bound nature of maps but does not reject \u201ctraditional\u201d and widely established positivist cartography. Drawing on the theory of deviant cartographies related to this, we understand cartography designed according to aesthetic criteria as meta-deviant, as it makes the contingency of world interpretations clear. Especially augmented and virtual environments show a great potential to generate aesthetically constructed cartographic representations. Participatory cartography enables many people to reflect on the contingency of their spatial experiences and spatial abstractions without expert-like special knowledge. A prerequisite, however, is the greatest possible openness to topics and representations. This is not subject to a moral restriction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11100526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T21:18:02Z","timestamp":1666127882000},"page":"526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Aesthetics and Cartography: Post-Critical Reflections on Deviance in and of Representations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2260-9103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis","family":"Edler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Ruhr University Bochum, Universit\u00e4tsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"K\u00fchne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of T\u00fcbingen, R\u00fcmelinstr. 19-23, 72070 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchroithner, M. (2012). True-3D in Cartography: Autostereoscopic and Solid Visualisation of Geodata, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12272-9"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez, A., Iv\u00e1n, P., and Buchroithner, M.F. (2014). Paradigms in Cartography: An Epistemological Review of the 20th and 21st Centuries, Springer."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fchne, O., Weber, F., Berr, K., and Jenal, C. (2019). 3D-Visualisierung von Landschaft\u2013Ein Ausblick auf zuk\u00fcnftige Entwicklungen. Handbuch Landschaft, Springer VS.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-25746-0_1"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1179\/1743277413Y.0000000063","article-title":"Z-axis Based Visualization of Map Elements\u2013Cartographic Experiences with 3D Monitors Using Lenticular Foil Technology","volume":"50","author":"Knust","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cartogr. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s42489-022-00108-4","article-title":"Designing Mixed Reality-Based Indoor Navigation for User Studies","volume":"72","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"KN\u2013J. Cartogr. Geogr. Inf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s42489-021-00087-y","article-title":"Designing Virtual Spaces for Immersive Visual Analytics","volume":"71","author":"Lochhead","year":"2021","journal-title":"KN\u2013J. Cartogr. Geogr. Inf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c7\u00f6ltekin, A., Lochhead, I., Madden, M., Christophe, S., Devaux, A., Pettit, C., Lock, O., Shukla, S., Herman, L., and Stacho\u0148, Z. (2020). Extended Reality in Spatial Sciences: A Review of Research Challenges and Future Directions. Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9070439"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2018.1501106","article-title":"Geovisualization with immersive virtual environments in theory and practice","volume":"12","author":"Hruby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s42489-020-00055-y","article-title":"Cartographic Scale in Immersive Virtual Environments","volume":"71","author":"Hruby","year":"2020","journal-title":"KN\u2013J. Cartogr. Geogr. Inf."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Augustinus, A. (1962). Theologische Fr\u00fchschriften. Vom Freien Willen (De Libero Arbitrio) u. Von der Wahren Religion (De Vera Religione), Artemis-Verlag."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Areopagita, P.-D. (1988). \u00dcber die G\u00f6ttlichen Namen, BGL."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Gilbert, K.E., and Kuhn, H. (1953). A History of Esthetics, Indiana University Press."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Majetschak, S. (2007). \u00c4sthetik zur Einf\u00fchrung, Junius Verlag."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Baumgarten, A.G. (2009). \u00c4sthetik, Meiner."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Schneider, N. (2005). Geschichte der \u00c4sthetik von der Aufkl\u00e4rung bis zur Postmoderne: Eine Paradigmatische Einf\u00fchrung, 4. Auflage, Reclam."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Nida-R\u00fcmelin, J., and Betzler, M. (1998). Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten. \u00c4sthetik und Kunstphilosophie: Von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart in Einzeldarstellungen, Kr\u00f6mer."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Laxton, P. (2002). Deconstructing the map. The New Nature of Maps. Essays in the History of Cartography, John Hopkins University Press."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"54","article-title":"Design on Signs\/Myth and Meaning in Maps","volume":"23","author":"Wood","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cartogr. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Geovis."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"11","article-title":"An Introduction to Critical Cartography","volume":"4","author":"Crampton","year":"2005","journal-title":"ACME Int. J. Crit. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Kitchin, R., and Thrift, N. (2009). Cartography: Critical Cartography. The International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.14714\/CP45.497","article-title":"Cartography is Dead (Thank God!)","volume":"45","author":"Wood","year":"2003","journal-title":"CP"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2015.07.012","article-title":"Critical cartography 2.0: From \u201cparticipatory mapping\u201d to authored visualizations of power and people","volume":"142","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weber, F., Wille, C., Caesar, B., and Hollstegge, J. (2020). Counter-Mapping Corporeal Borderlands: Border Imaginaries in the Americas. Geographien der Grenzen: R\u00e4ume\u2013Ordnungen\u2013Verflechtungen, Springer VS.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-30950-3"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schranz, C. (2021). Shifts in Mapping: Two Concepts have Changed the World View. Shifts in Mapping: Maps as a Tool of Knowledge, Transcript Verlag.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783839460412"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Counter Cartographies Collective, Craig Dalton, and Liz Mason-Deese (2012). Counter (Mapping) Actions: Mapping as Militant Research. ACME, 11, 439\u2013466."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1177\/0308518X15622208","article-title":"Revisiting critical GIS","volume":"48","author":"Thatcher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. A Econ. Space"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1179\/000870405X61487","article-title":"Aesthetics: A Lost Cause in Cartographic Theory?","volume":"42","author":"Kent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cartogr. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00087041.2019.1601932","article-title":"Maps, Materiality and Tactile Aesthetics","volume":"56","author":"Kent","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cartogr. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00087041.2017.1291556","article-title":"Cartographic Style and the Aesthetic Fix","volume":"54","author":"Kent","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cartogr. J."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"39","article-title":"From a dry statement of facts to a thing of beauty:understanding aesthetics in the mappingand counter-mapping of place","volume":"73","author":"Kent","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cartogr. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1179\/0008704112Z.00000000049","article-title":"More Maps, More Users, More Devices Means More Cartographic Challenges","volume":"49","author":"Griffin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cartogr. J."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Fabrikant, S.I., Christophe, S., Papastefanou, G., and Maggi, S. (2012, January 18\u201321). Emotional Response to Map Design Aesthetics. Proceedings of the GIScience 2012: Seventh International Conference on Geographic Information Science, Columbus, OH, USA."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Bourassa, S.C. (1991). The Aesthetics of Landscape, Belhaven Press."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Winchester, H.P.M., Kong, L., and Dunn, K. (2003). Landscapes: Ways of Imagining the World, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wylie, J. (2007). Landscape, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203480168"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fchne, O. (2019). Landscape Theories: A Brief Introduction, Springer VS.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-25491-9"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howard, P., Thompson, I., Waterton, E., and Atha, M. (2019). Aesthetic appreciation of landscape. The Routledge Companion to Landscape Studies, 2. Auflage, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315195063"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porteous, J.D. (2013). Environmental Aesthetics: Ideas, Politics and Planning, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203437322"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s42489-021-00080-5","article-title":"Contours of a \u2018Post-Critical\u2019 Cartography\u2013A Contribution to the Dissemination of Sociological Cartographic Research","volume":"71","year":"2021","journal-title":"KN\u2013J. Cartogr. Geogr. Inf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s42489-022-00110-w","article-title":"Deviant Cartographies: A Contribution to Post-critical Cartography","volume":"72","author":"Edler","year":"2022","journal-title":"KN\u2013J. Cartogr. Geogr. Inf."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cartographic Representations of Coastal Land Loss in Louisiana: An Investigation Based on Deviant Cartographies","volume":"2022","author":"Koegst","year":"2022","journal-title":"KN-J. Cartogr. Geogr. Inf."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Rorty, R. (1982). Consequences of Pragmatism: Essays: 1972\u20131980, University of Minnesota Press."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Rorty, R. (1997). Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity, Reprint, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fchne, O., and Koegst, L. (2022). Land Loss in Louisiana: A Neopragmatic Redescription, Springer VS.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-39889-7"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fchne, O., and Jenal, C. (2021). Baton Rouge\u2013A Neopragmatic Regional Geographic Approach. Urban Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/urbansci5010017"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"23","article-title":"Baton Rouge (Louisiana): On the Importance of Thematic Cartography for \u2018Neopragmatic Horizontal Geography\u2019","volume":"71","author":"Jenal","year":"2020","journal-title":"KN\u2013J. Cartogr. Geogr. Inf."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Mohr, J.C.B. (1972). Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: Grundriss der verstehenden Soziologie, 5., Revidierte Auflage, Paul Siebeck."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Dahrendorf, R. (1979). Lebenschancen: Anl\u00e4ufe zur Sozialen und Politischen Theorie, Suhrkamp."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Dahrendorf, R. (1994). Der Moderne Soziale Konflikt: Essay zur Politik der Freiheit, Dtv."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fchne, O., Berr, K., and Jenal, C. (2022). Die Geschlossene Gesellschaft und Ihre Ligaturen: Eine Kritik am Beispiel \u2018Landschaft\u2019, Springer VS.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-38583-5"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Bund Heimat und Umwelt in Deutschland (2013). Religion und Landschaft\u2013\u00dcberlegungen zu einem komplexen Verh\u00e4ltnis aus sozialwissenschaftlicher Perspektive. Religion und Landschaft, Selbstverlag."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fchne, O., and Leonardi, L. (2020). Ralf Dahrendorf: Between Social Theory and Political Practice, Palgrave Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-44297-2"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fchne, O. (2020). Landscape Conflicts: A Theoretical Approach Based on the Three Worlds Theory of Karl Popper and the Conflict Theory of Ralf Dahrendorf, Illustrated by the Example of the Energy System Transformation in Germany. Sustain. Sci. Pract. Policy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12176772"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Berger, P.L., and Luckmann, T. (1966). The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge, Anchor Books."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Durkheim, \u00c9. (1961). Die Regeln der Soziologischen Methode, Luchterhand."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popper, K.R. (1959). The Logic of Scientific Discovery, Harper & Row.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3060577"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goode, E. (2019). Deviant Behavior, 12. Auflage, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429202902"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Becker, H.S. (1963). Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance, The Free Press."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Korte, H., and Schaefers, B. (2006). Abweichendes Verhalten und soziale Kontrolle. Einf\u00fchrung in Hauptbegriffe der Soziologie, 6. Auflage, VS Verlag f\u00fcr Sozialwissenschaften."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scherr, A. (2013). Normalit\u00e4t und Abweichung. Soziologische Basics: Soziologische Basics: Eine Einf\u00fchrung f\u00fcr P\u00e4dagogen und P\u00e4dagoginnen, VS Verlag f\u00fcr Sozialwissenschaften.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-531-19879-8"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coetzee, S., Iv\u00e1nov\u00e1, I., Mitasova, H., and Brovelli, M. (2020). Open Geospatial Software and Data: A Review of the Current State and A Perspective into the Future. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9020090"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s42489-020-00069-6","article-title":"Creating Immersive Virtual Environments Based on Open Geospatial Data and Game Engines","volume":"71","author":"Keil","year":"2021","journal-title":"KN\u2013Ournal Cartogr. Geogr. Inf."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s42489-021-00090-3","article-title":"Different Levels of Complexity for Integrating Textures Extra-terrestrial Elevation Data in Game Engines for Educational Augmented and Virtual Reality Applications","volume":"71","author":"Lindner","year":"2021","journal-title":"KN-J. Cartogr. Geogr. Inf."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fchne, O., and Weber, F. (2018). Interessenvertretung und Verantwortung: B\u00fcrger*innenbeteiligung am Beispiel Windkraft im Spiegel von Neocartography und Spatial Citizenship. Bausteine der Energiewende, Springer VS.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-19509-0"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2478\/v10117-012-0019-3","article-title":"Urban nature between modern and postmodern aesthetics: Reflections based on the social constructivist approach","volume":"31","year":"2012","journal-title":"Quaest. Geograph."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Reicher, M.E. (2015). Einf\u00fchrung in die Philosophische \u00c4sthetik, 3., \u00dcberarbeitete Auflage, WBG."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Borgeest, C. (1977). Das Sogenannte Schoene: \u00c4sthetische Sozialschranken, S. Fischer."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Schweppenh\u00e4user, G. (2007). \u00c4sthetik: Philosophische Grundlagen und Schl\u00fcsselbegriffe, Campus-Verlag."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Kant, I. (1959). Kritik der Urteilskraft, Meiner. Unver\u00e4nd. Neudr. der Ausg. von 1924."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Dewey, J. (1958). Experience and Nature, Dover Publications."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Dewey, J. (1988). Kunst als Erfahrung, Suhrkamp."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aschenbrand, E. (2017). Die Landschaft des Tourismus: Wie Landschaft von Reiseveranstaltern Inszeniert und von Touristen Konsumiert Wird, Springer VS.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-18429-2"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Burke, E. (1989). Philosophische Untersuchung \u00fcber den Ursprung Unserer Ideen vom Erhabenen und Sch\u00f6nen, 2. Aufl., Meiner."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friesen, H., and Wolf, M. (2013). Philosophische \u00c4sthetik: Eine Standortbestimmung. Kunst, \u00c4sthetik, Philosophie: Im Spannungsfeld der Disziplinen, Mentis.","DOI":"10.30965\/9783897859333"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Graham, G. (2005). Philosophy of the Arts: An Introduction to Aesthetics, Routledge. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-2046(99)00019-5","article-title":"Landscape and the philosophy of aesthetics: Is landscape quality inherent in the landscape or in the eye of the beholder?","volume":"44","author":"Lothian","year":"1999","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pries, C. (1989). Einleitung. Das Erhabene: Zwischen Grenzerfahrung und Gr\u00f6\u00dfenwahn, VCH Acta Humaniora.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783050082899"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Fayet, R. (2003). Reinigungen: Vom Abfall der Moderne zum Kompost der Nachmoderne, Passagen-Verlag."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fchne, O., Megerle, H., and Weber, F. (2017). \u00c4sthetik, Werte und Landschaft\u2013eine Betrachtung zwischen philosophischen Grundlagen und aktueller Praxis der Landschaftsforschung. Landschafts\u00e4sthetik und Landschaftswandel, Springer VS.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-15848-4"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Welsch, W. (1993). Das \u00c4sthetische\u2013eine Schl\u00fcsselkategorie unserer Zeit?. Die Aktualit\u00e4t des \u00c4sthetischen, Fink.","DOI":"10.30965\/9783846728963"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Le Rider, J., and Raulet, G. (1987). Das Erhabene und die Avantgarde. Verabschiedung von der (Post-)Moderne?, Narr."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Welsch, W. (1987). Unsere Postmoderne Moderne, VCH Acta Humaniora."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friesen, H., and Wolf, M. (2013). Philosophische \u00c4sthetik und die Entwicklung der Kunst. Kunst, \u00c4sthetik, Philosophie: Im Spannungsfeld der Disziplinen, Mentis.","DOI":"10.30965\/9783897859333"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friesen, H., and Wolf, M. (2013). Stil im Handeln Oder Die Aufgaben der Urteilskraft. Kunst, \u00c4sthetik, Philosophie: Im Spannungsfeld der Disziplinen, Mentis.","DOI":"10.30965\/9783897859333"},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"B\u00fcttner, N. (2006). Geschichte der Landschaftsmalerei, Hirmer."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Carlson, A. (2009). Nature and Landscape: An Introduction to Environmental Aesthetics, Columbia University Press."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liessmann, K.P. (2009). Sch\u00f6nheit, Facultas Verlags-und Buchhandels AG.","DOI":"10.36198\/9783838530482"},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Rosenkranz, K. (1996). \u00c4sthetik des H\u00e4\u00dflichen, 2., \u00fcberarbeitete Auflage, Reclam."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"P\u00f6ltner, G. (2008). Philosophische \u00c4sthetik, Kohlhammer."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Hauskeller, M. (2005). Was ist Kunst?: Positionen der \u00c4sthetik von Platon bis Danto, 8, Beck. Auflage."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"(2005). Werke in 8 B\u00e4nden, WBG."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Hutcheson, F. (1986). Eine Untersuchung \u00fcber den Ursprung Unserer Ideen von Sch\u00f6nheit und Tugend: \u00dcber Moralisch Gutes und Schlechtes, Meiner."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Vischer, F.T.V. (1922). Kritische G\u00e4nge, 2., Verm. Auflage, Meyer & Jessen."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Hartmann, E.V. (1924). Philosophie des Sch\u00f6nen, 2. Aufl, Wegweiser-Verlag."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, Harvard University Press."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Illing, F. (2006). Kitsch, Kommerz und Kult: Soziologie des Schlechten Geschmacks, UVK Verlagsgesellschaft."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Liessmann, K.P. (2002). Kitsch! Oder Warum der Schlechte Geschmack der Eigentlich Gute Ist, Brandst\u00e4tter."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Welsch, W. (2006). \u00c4sthetisches Denken, Reclam."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fchne, O. (2018). Landscape and Power in Geographical Space as a Social-Aesthetic Construct, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72902-2"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"1025","article-title":"Soziologie der Sinne","volume":"18","author":"Simmel","year":"1907","journal-title":"Die Neue Rundsch."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Hauskeller, M. (2003). Die sinnliche Umwelt von St\u00e4dten.: Zum Verst\u00e4ndnis urbaner Atmosph\u00e4ren. Die Kunst der Wahrnehmung: Beitr\u00e4ge zu Einer Philosophie der Sinnlichen Erkenntnis, SFG-Servicecenter Fachverlage."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Seel, M. (1985). Die Kunst der Entzweiung: Zum Begriff der \u00c4sthetischen Rationalit\u00e4t, Suhrkamp."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehmann, H. (2016). \u00c4sthetische Erfahrung: Eine Diskursanalyse, Wilhelm Fink.","DOI":"10.30965\/9783846761397"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s42489-021-00089-w","article-title":"Potentials of the Three Spaces Theory for Understandings of Cartography, Virtual Realities, and Augmented Spaces","volume":"71","year":"2021","journal-title":"KN-J. Cartogr. Geogr. Inf."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s42489-022-00097-4","article-title":"Potentials of Digitally Guided Excursions at Universities Illustrated Using the Example of an Urban Geography Excursion in Stuttgart","volume":"72","author":"Koegst","year":"2022","journal-title":"KN-J. Cartogr. Geogr. Inf."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fchne, O. (2021). Landschaftstheorie und Landschaftspraxis: Eine Einf\u00fchrung aus Sozialkonstruktivistischer Perspektive, Springer VS. 3., Aktualisierte und \u00dcberarbeitete Auflage.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-34746-8"},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"219","article-title":"Einsamkeit im Paradies. Touristische Distinktionspraktiken bei der Aneignung von Landschaft","volume":"90","author":"Aschenbrand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Berichte. Geogr. Und Landeskd."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1549-0831.1994.tb00519.x","article-title":"Landscapes: The Social Construction of Nature and the Environment","volume":"59","author":"Greider","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rural. Sociol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weber, M. (2011). Wissenschaft als Beruf, 11. Auflage, Duncker & Humblot.","DOI":"10.3790\/978-3-428-53509-5"},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Kr\u00e4mer-Badoni, T. (2003). Raum und moderne Gesellschaft: Aspekte der sozialen Kontrolle des Raumes. Die Gesellschaft und ihr Raum: Raum als Gegenstand der Soziologie, Leske+Budrich."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirchhoff, T., and Trepl, L. (2009). Landschaft, Wildnis, \u00d6kosystem: Zur kulturbedingten Vieldeutigkeit \u00e4sthetischer, moralischer und theoretischer Naturauffassungen: Einleitender \u00dcberblick. Vieldeutige Natur: Landschaft, Wildnis und \u00d6kosystem als Kulturgeschichtliche Ph\u00e4nomene, Transcript.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783839409442"},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"Faure, P. (1993). Magie der D\u00fcfte: Eine Kulturgeschichte der Wohlger\u00fcche von den Pharaonen zu den R\u00f6mern, Artemis & Winkler."},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"Raab, J. (2018, December 20). Die Soziale Konstruktion Olfaktorischer Wahrnehmung: Eine Soziologie des Geruchs. Available online: http:\/\/kops.uni-konstanz.de\/bitstream\/handle\/123456789\/11429\/260_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"27","article-title":"Multisensorische Landschaften\u2013die Bedeutung des Nicht-Visuellen bei der sozialen und individuellen Konstruktion von Landschaft und Herausforderungen f\u00fcr ihre Erfassung und Wiedergabe","volume":"92","author":"Edler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Berichte. Geogr. Und Landeskd."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meenar, M., and Kitson, J. (2020). Using Multi-Sensory and Multi-Dimensional Immersive Virtual Reality in Participatory Planning. Urban Sci., 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/urbansci4030034"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fchne, O., Weber, F., Berr, K., and Jenal, C. (2019). Nicht-visuelle Landschaften. Handbuch Landschaft, Springer VS.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-25746-0"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s42489-021-00085-0","article-title":"Map Symbols in Video Games: The Example of \u201cValheim\u201d","volume":"71","author":"Zagata","year":"2021","journal-title":"KN\u2013J. Cartogr. Geogr. Inf."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s42489-020-00064-x","article-title":"The Abstraction of an Idealization: Cartographic Representations of Model Railroads: Die Abstraktion der Idealisierung\u2013\u00fcber kartographische Repr\u00e4sentationen von Modellbahnlandschaften","volume":"71","author":"Edler","year":"2021","journal-title":"KN\u2013J. Cartogr. Geogr. Inf."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zagata, K., Gulij, J., Halik, \u0141., and Medynska-Gulij, B. (2021). Mini-Map for Gamers Who Walk and Teleport in a Virtual Stronghold. ISPRS\u2013Int. J. Geo-Inf., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10020096"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edler, D., K\u00fchne, O., and Jenal, C. (2022). Representations of landscape in the strategy game Civilization. The Social Construction of Landscape in Games, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-35403-9_16"},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"105","article-title":"The Construction of Civilization","volume":"1","author":"Kaltman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kinephanos"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edler, D., Jenal, C., and K\u00fchne, O. (2020). Landscape in Computer Games\u2013The Examples of GTA V and Watch Dogs 2. Modern Approaches to the Visualization of Landscapes, Springer VS.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-30956-5"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edler, D., K\u00fchne, O., and Jenal, C. (2022). Landscape as Frontier\u2013Experiencing the Wild West in Red Dead Redemption 2 (2018). The Social Construction of Landscape in Games, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-35403-9"},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"246","article-title":"Landschaften und Spiele: Von Virtualisierungen, Hybridisierungen und der Steigerung von Kontingenz","volume":"96","author":"Edler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Berichte. Geogr. Und Landeskd."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edler, D., K\u00fchne, O., and Jenal, C. (2022). The Social Psychological Function of Play. The Social Construction of Landscape in Games, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-35403-9"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.25162\/bgl-2022-0012","article-title":"\u00dcber drei Welten, R\u00e4ume und Landschaften: Digital gef\u00fchrte Exkursionen an Hochschulen aus der Perspektive der drei Welten Theorie im Allgemeinen und der Theorie der drei Landschaften im Speziellen","volume":"69","author":"Koegst","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ber. Geogr. Und Landeskd."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edler, D., Jenal, C., and K\u00fchne, O. (2020). How to Teach \u201cLandscape\u201d Through Games?. Modern Approaches to the Visualization of Landscapes, Springer VS.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-30956-5"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1553\/gw-unterricht160s37","article-title":"SpielR\u00e4ume\u2013Entdeckungs- und Erlebnisraum Landschaft","volume":"1","author":"Pietsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"GW Unterr."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s42489-021-00091-2","article-title":"The Impact of Augmented Reality Techniques on Cartographic Visualization","volume":"71","author":"Dickmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"KN-J. Cartogr. Geogr. Inf."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03545205","article-title":"Interaktive Multimediakartographie in fr\u00fchen Videospielwelten\u2013Das Beispiel \u201eSuper Mario World\u201d","volume":"66","author":"Edler","year":"2016","journal-title":"KN\u2013J. Cartogr. Geogr. Inf."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1080\/00087041.2020.1800160","article-title":"Elements of Vivid Cartography","volume":"58","author":"Fish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cartogr. J."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"183","article-title":"Eine empirische Studie zu Effekten von simulierter Gr\u00fcndblindheit (Deuteranopie) auf das kartenbasierte Positionsged\u00e4chtnis","volume":"65","author":"Edler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kartogr. Nachr."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/00087041.2020.1738112","article-title":"Detection of Pictorial Map Objects with Convolutional Neural Networks","volume":"58","author":"Sieber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cartogr. J."},{"key":"ref_134","unstructured":"Bell, D. (1999). The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting, Basic Books."},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"Lash, S., and Urry, J. (1994). Economies of Signs and Space, SAGE Publications."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"156","article-title":"Soziale Akzeptanz und Perspektiven der Altindustrielandschaft: Ergebnisse einer empirischen Untersuchung im Saarland","volume":"3","year":"2007","journal-title":"RaumPlanung"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fchne, O., Weber, F., Berr, K., and Jenal, C. (2019). (Alt)Industrielandschaften. Handbuch Landschaft, Springer VS.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-25746-0"},{"key":"ref_138","unstructured":"Siebel, W. (2004). Industrieareale als urbane R\u00e4ume. Die Europ\u00e4ische Stadt, Suhrkamp."},{"key":"ref_139","unstructured":"Kazal, I., Voigt, A., Weil, A., and Zutz, A. (2006). Kulturlandschaft und Stadt-Wildnis. Kulturen der Landschaft: Ideen von Kulturlandschaft Zwischen Tradition und Modernisierung, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin."},{"key":"ref_140","unstructured":"H\u00f6fer, W. (2001). Natur als Gestaltungsfrage: Zum Einflu\u00df Aktueller Gesellschaftlicher Ver\u00e4nderungen auf die Idee von Natur und Landschaft als Gegenstand der Landschaftsarchitektur. Dissertation, Herbert Utz Verlag GmbH."},{"key":"ref_141","unstructured":"Brednich, R.W., Schneider, A., and Werner, U. (2001). Das Erhabene und die \u201afeinen Unterschiede\u2018: Zur Dialektik in den sozio-kulturellen Funktionen von \u00e4sthetischen Deutungen der Landschaft. Natur\u2013Kultur: Volkskundliche Perspektiven auf Mensch und Umwelt, Waxmann."},{"key":"ref_142","unstructured":"Eisel, U. (2009). Landschaft und Gesellschaft: R\u00e4umliches Denken im Visier, Westf\u00e4lisches Dampfboot."},{"key":"ref_143","unstructured":"Sander, A., Blossfeldt, K., Renger-Platzsch, A., Becher, B., and Becher, H. (1997). Vergleichende Konzeptionen, Schirmer\/Mosel."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/00087041.2017.1376489","article-title":"Trust Me, I\u2019m a Cartographer: Post-truth and the Problem of Acritical Cartography","volume":"54","author":"Kent","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cartogr. J."},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"Grau, A. (2017). Hypermoral: Die neue Lust an der Emp\u00f6rung, 2. Auflage, Claudius."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fchne, O., Berr, K., Jenal, C., and Schuster, K. (2021). Liberty and Landscape: In Search of Life-Chances with Ralf Dahrendorf, Palgrave Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-84326-7"},{"key":"ref_147","unstructured":"Sofsky, W. (2007). Verteidigung des Privaten: Eine Streitschrift, Beck."},{"key":"ref_148","unstructured":"Kersting, W. (2009). Verteidigung des Liberalismus, Murmann."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/11\/10\/526\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:56:29Z","timestamp":1760144189000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/11\/10\/526"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"references-count":148,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi11100526"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi11100526","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]}}}