{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:33:50Z","timestamp":1762079630931,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban-scale green spaces have been a central topic as of late, but community-scale green spaces are overlooked in urban studies. This paper takes community green spaces in the main urban area of Beijing as the case to quantitatively interpret the spatial-temporal patterns of their service efficiency and distribution characteristics. The measurement section of the paper includes two parts: the first part compares the applicability of two major green space service efficiency measurement methods on the community scale and determines that the Shortest Time Distance method performs better in describing the spatial-temporal patterns of service efficiency. The second part applies the Time Distance Entropy method to initially identify the locational relationship between community green spaces and neighboring residential buildings, then proposes the Green Space Distribution Coefficient method based on this relationship to analyze the \u2018courtyard\u2019, \u2018mixed\u2019, and \u2018centralized\u2019 distribution types alongside the transition relationships between them, and the spatial-temporal patterns of distribution characteristics are measured. The results of service efficiency reveal that the community paradigms transform from \u2018humanistic-oriented\u2019 to \u2018benefit-oriented\u2019 as the Shortest Time Distance measurement values show an ascending trend with the passage of years and the outward expansion of the ring roads. The results of distribution characteristics reveal that the community residential culture transforms from \u2018closeness\u2019 to \u2018detachment\u2019 as Green Space Distribution Coefficient measurement values show a descending trend under the same conditions. Based on the measurements, this paper further provides several optimizing strategies for community green spaces in the central urban area of Beijing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11120610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T04:00:37Z","timestamp":1670385637000},"page":"610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Interpretation of Spatial-Temporal Patterns of Community Green Spaces Based on Service Efficiency and Distribution Characteristics: A Case Study of the Main Urban Area of Beijing, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Zu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2649-8137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhixian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environmental Design, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0576-0060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Research on Society and Space (IRS), Economy and Civil Society, Flakenstra\u00dfe 29-31, 15537 Erkner, Germany"},{"name":"Geography Department, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003","article-title":"The Role of Urban Parks for the Sustainable City","volume":"68","author":"Chiesura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Landsc. 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