{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T22:15:14Z","timestamp":1762640114883,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015956","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020B0202010002","42001171","42171218","41901177","2019A1515011065","GD22CSH07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B0202010002","42001171","42171218","41901177","2019A1515011065","GD22CSH07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015956","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020B0202010002","42001171","42171218","41901177","2019A1515011065","GD22CSH07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B0202010002","42001171","42171218","41901177","2019A1515011065","GD22CSH07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020B0202010002","42001171","42171218","41901177","2019A1515011065","GD22CSH07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B0202010002","42001171","42171218","41901177","2019A1515011065","GD22CSH07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Philosophy and Social Science Planning of Guangdong Province","award":["2020B0202010002","42001171","42171218","41901177","2019A1515011065","GD22CSH07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B0202010002","42001171","42171218","41901177","2019A1515011065","GD22CSH07"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ambient population has been regarded as an important indicator for analyzing or predicting thefts. However, the literature has taken it as a homogenous group and seldom explored the varied impacts of different kinds of ambient populations on thefts. To fill this gap, supported by mobile phone trajectory data, this research investigated the relationship between ambient populations of different social groups and theft in a major city in China. With the control variables of motivated offenders and guardianship, spatial-lag negative binominal models were built to explore the effects of the ambient populations of different social groups on the distribution of theft. The results found that the influences of ambient populations of different social groups on the spatial distribution of theft are different. Accounting for the difference in the \u201crisk\u2013benefit\u201d characteristics among different activity groups to the offenders, individuals from the migrant population are the most likely to be potential victims, followed by suburban and middle-income groups, while college, affluent, and affordable housing populations are the least likely. The local elderly population had no significant impact. This research has further enriched the studies of time geography and deepened routine activity theory. It suggests that the focus of crime prevention and control strategies developed by police departments should shift from the residential space to the activity space.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11120615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T03:23:49Z","timestamp":1670556229000},"page":"615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Influence of Varied Ambient Population Distribution on Spatial Pattern of Theft from the Person: The Perspective from Activity Space"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0090-7118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangwen","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of GeoInformatics for Public Security, School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]},{"given":"Chunxia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Tourism and Business, Guangzhou Panyu Polytechnic, Guangzhou 511483, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6318-8958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luzi","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of GeoInformatics for Public Security, School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]},{"given":"Zhuoting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of GeoInformatics for Public Security, School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]},{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of GeoInformatics for Public Security, School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Network and Information Security, Guangdong Police College, Guangzhou 510230, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.2307\/2094589","article-title":"Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach","volume":"44","author":"Cohen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. Sociol Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-4944(05)80212-9","article-title":"Nodes, paths and edges: Considerations on the complexity of crime and the physical environment","volume":"13","author":"Brantingham","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1370","article-title":"Testing Indicators of Risk Populations for Theft from the Person across Space and Time: The Significance of Mobility and Outdoor Activity","volume":"108","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Assoc. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12117","article-title":"General Theory of Spatial Crime Patterns","volume":"54","author":"Hipp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10707-019-00346-1","article-title":"Quantifying the Ambient Population Using Hourly Population Footfall Data and An Agent-based Model of Daily Mobility","volume":"23","author":"Crols","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geoinformatica"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1080\/02723638.2016.1255920","article-title":"Geography of crime in a Brazilian context: An application of social disorganization theory","volume":"38","author":"Melo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urban Geogr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2018.04.010","article-title":"Theft from the person in urban China: Assessing the diurnal effects of opportunity and social ecology","volume":"78","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Habitat. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2022.102673","article-title":"The impact of civil registration-based demographic heterogeneity on community thefts","volume":"129","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Habitat. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2021.103143","article-title":"The relationship between street environment and street crime: A case study of Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China","volume":"112","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.2307\/2090968","article-title":"Urban Crime Patterns","volume":"30","author":"Boggs","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. Sociol Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10940-017-9341-1","article-title":"Crimes by Visitors Versus Crimes by Residents: The Influence of Visitor Inflows","volume":"34","author":"Boivin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Quant. Criminol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1177\/0265813516672454","article-title":"New insights on relationships between street crimes and ambient population: Use of hourly population data estimated from mobile phone users\u2019 locations","volume":"45","author":"Hanaoka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2014.905756","article-title":"The impact of using social media data in crime rate calculations: Shifting hot spots and changing spatial patterns","volume":"42","author":"Malleson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2016.03.002","article-title":"Exploring the impact of ambient population measures on London crime hotspots","volume":"46","author":"Malleson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Crim. Just."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1987.tb00826.x","article-title":"Understanding crime displacement: An Application of Rational Choice Theory","volume":"25","author":"Cornish","year":"1987","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"2479","article-title":"Impacts of community environment on residential burglary based on rational choice theory","volume":"36","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geogr. Res. Aust."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"506","article-title":"Daily Activity Space of Suburban Mega-community Residents in Beijing Based on GPS Data","volume":"68","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta. Geographica. Sinica."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valente, R., and Medina-Ariza, J. (2022). Mobility, Nonstationary Density, and Robbery Distribution in the Tourist Metropolis. Eur. J. Crim. Policy Res.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10610-022-09528-4"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, G., Zhang, Y., Bernasco, W., Cai, L., Liu, L., Qin, B., and Chen, P. (2021). Residents, Employees and Visitors: Effects of Three Types of Ambient Population on Theft on Weekdays and Weekends in Beijing, China. J. Quant. Criminol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10940-021-09538-1"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098013492232","article-title":"How Places Influence Crime: The Impact of Surrounding Areas on Neighbourhood Burglary Rates in a British City","volume":"51","author":"Hirschfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2020.101582","article-title":"Burglars blocked by barriers? The impact of physical and social barriers on residential burglars\u2019 target location choices in China","volume":"86","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1010","article-title":"The Socio-Spatial Structure of Guangzhou and Its Evolution","volume":"71","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta. Geographica. Sinica."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12071","article-title":"Biting Once, Twice: The Influence of prior on subsequent crime location choice","volume":"53","author":"Lammers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427814541447","article-title":"Burglar Target Selection: A Cross-national Comparison","volume":"52","author":"Townsley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Res. Crime. Delinq."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10940-015-9264-7","article-title":"Target Selection Models with Preference Variation Between Offenders","volume":"32","author":"Townsley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Quant. Criminol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2015.03.014","article-title":"Learning Where to Offend: Effects of Past on Future Burglary Locations","volume":"60","author":"Bernasco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/jeg\/lbs005","article-title":"Go Where the Money Is: Modeling Street Robbers\u2019 Location Choices","volume":"13","author":"Bernasco","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Econ. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"804","article-title":"Crime Risk Estimation with a Commuter-Harmonized Ambient Population","volume":"106","author":"Mburu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Assoc. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007521427059","article-title":"Poisson-Based Regression Analysis of Aggregate Crime Rates","volume":"16","author":"Osgood","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Quant. Criminol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1454","article-title":"Spatio-temporal Pattern of Residents\u2019 Daily Activities Based on T-GIS: A Case Study in Guangzhou, China","volume":"65","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta. Geographica. Sinica."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"17","article-title":"Spatio-temporal Agglomeration of Low-income people\u2019s Daily Activity and Related Factors: A Case Study of Guangzhou","volume":"41","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"City Plan. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2018.04.014","article-title":"Examining the Relationship Between Neighborhood Environment and Residential Locations of Juvenile and Adult Migrant Burglars in China","volume":"82","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2014.893839","article-title":"Spatial Eigenvector Filtering for Spatiotemporal Crime Mapping and Spatial Crime Analysis","volume":"42","author":"Helbich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1093\/bjc\/azm026","article-title":"A Multilevel Analysis of the Risk of Household Burglary in the City of Tianjin, China","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Criminol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Liu, L., Zhou, S., Xiao, L., and Jiang, C. (2017). Spatial Variation Relationship between Floating Population and Residential Burglary: A Case Study from ZG, China. Isprs. Int. J. Geo. Inf., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6080246"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10940-008-9048-4","article-title":"Overdispersion and Poisson Regression","volume":"24","author":"Berk","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Quant. Criminol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124196024004001","article-title":"A Comparison of Poisson, Negative Binomial, and Semiparametric Mixed Poisson Regression Models: With Empirical Applications to Criminal Careers Data","volume":"24","author":"Land","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sociol Method. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1177\/1078087402250360","article-title":"Housing Tenure and Residential Mobility In Urban China: A Study of Commodity Housing Development in Beijing and Guangzhou","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Urban Aff. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chieco.2006.09.001","article-title":"A Behavioral Model of Work-Trip Mode Choice in Shanghai","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"China Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098010396239","article-title":"Understanding the \u2018Village in the City\u2019 in Guangzhou: Economic Integration and Development Issue and their Implications for the Urban Migrant","volume":"48","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2015.08.004","article-title":"A discrete spatial choice model of burglary target selection at the house-level","volume":"64","author":"Vandeviver","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10940-009-9086-6","article-title":"Modeling Micro-Level Crime Location Choice: Application of the Discrete Choice Framework to Crime at Places","volume":"26","author":"Bernasco","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Quant. Criminol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.18306\/dlkxjz.2019.12.005","article-title":"Spatial distribution of crime number and harm and the influence of the built environment: A longitudinal research on criminal cases in Beijing","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Geogr."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/11\/12\/615\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:36:28Z","timestamp":1760146588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/11\/12\/615"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi11120615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi11120615","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]}}}