{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T18:17:57Z","timestamp":1768414677117,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, the Government of India","award":["DST\/INT\/CAN\/P-05\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DST\/INT\/CAN\/P-05\/20"]}]},{"name":"IC-IMPACTS","award":["DST\/INT\/CAN\/P-05\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DST\/INT\/CAN\/P-05\/20"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001409","name":"a Network Center of Excellence, Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DST\/INT\/CAN\/P-05\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DST\/INT\/CAN\/P-05\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban heat islands (UHIs) increase the energy consumption of cities and impact the health of its residents. In light of the correlation between energy consumption and health and UHI variations observed at a local level within the canopy layer, satellite-derived land surface temperatures (LSTs) may be insufficient to provide comprehensive information about these deleterious effects. For both LST and air temperatures to be collected in a spatially representative and continuous manner, and for the process to be affordable, on-ground temperature and humidity sensors must be strategically placed. This study proposes a strategy for placing on-ground sensors that utilizes the spatial variation of measurable factors linked to UHI (i.e., seasonal variation in LSTs, wind speed, wind direction, bareness, and local climate zones), allowing for the continuous measurement of UHI within the canopy layer. As a representative city, Pune, India, was used to demonstrate how to distribute sensors based on the spatial variability of UHI-related variables. The proposed method may be helpful for any city requiring local-level observations of UHI, regardless of the climate zone. Further, we evaluate the placement of low-cost technology sensors that use LoRaWAN technology for this purpose, in order to overcome the problem of high costs associated with traditional in-situ weather stations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12010011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T02:12:48Z","timestamp":1672625568000},"page":"11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Sensor Placement Strategy for Comprehensive Urban Heat Island Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9699-2128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prasad","family":"Pathak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical & Natural Sciences, FLAME University, Pune 412115, Maharashtra, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9918-0915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pranav","family":"Pandya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical & Natural Sciences, FLAME University, Pune 412115, Maharashtra, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7029-5532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharvari","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Symbiosis Statistical Institute, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India"}]},{"given":"Aamod","family":"Sane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing and Data Sciences, FLAME University, Pune 412115, Maharashtra, India"}]},{"given":"Raja","family":"Sengupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Bieler School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B9, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s40010-017-0453-7","article-title":"Impact of rapid urbanization on the city of Bhubaneswar, India","volume":"87","author":"Swain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. 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