{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:29:08Z","timestamp":1780471748992,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates how expert and novice map users\u2019 attention is influenced by the map design characteristics of 2D web maps by building and sharing a framework to analyze large volumes of eye tracking data. Our goal is to respond to the following research questions: (i) which map landmarks are easily remembered? (memorability), (ii) how are task difficulty and recognition performance associated? (task difficulty), and (iii) how do experts and novices differ in terms of recognition performance? (expertise). In this context, we developed an automated area-of-interest (AOI) analysis framework to evaluate participants\u2019 fixation durations, and to assess the influence of linear and polygonal map features on spatial memory. Our results demonstrate task-relevant attention patterns by all participants, and better selective attention allocation by experts. However, overall, we observe that task type and map feature type mattered more than expertise when remembering the map content. Predominantly polygonal map features such as hydrographic areas and road junctions serve as attentive features in terms of map reading and memorability. We make our dataset entitled CartoGAZE publicly available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12010021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T02:05:52Z","timestamp":1673575552000},"page":"21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Visual Attention and Recognition Differences Based on Expertise in a Map Reading and Memorability Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4678-5611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merve","family":"Keskin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, National Land Survey of Finland (FGI\/NLS), Vuorimiehentie 5, 02150 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3030-4203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vassilios","family":"Krassanakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics Engineering, Egaleo Park Campus, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243 Egaleo, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3178-3509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arzu","family":"\u00c7\u00f6ltekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Interactive Technologies, School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Bahnhofstrasse 6, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Berg, W.J. (1967). Semiology of Graphics, Gauthier-Villars. Translated from S\u00e9miologie Graphique."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skopeliti, A., and Stamou, L. (2019). Online Map Services: Contemporary Cartography or a New Cartographic Culture?. ISPRS Int. J. 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