{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T16:45:14Z","timestamp":1768322714461,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Formas, Sweden\u2019s Innovation Agency Vinnova, and the Swedish Energy Agency","award":["Formas-2020-00261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Formas-2020-00261"]}]},{"name":"Formas, Sweden\u2019s Innovation Agency Vinnova, and the Swedish Energy Agency","award":["Formas 2020-01460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Formas 2020-01460"]}]},{"name":"Increase the potential for energy and noise simulations when planning urban densification","award":["Formas-2020-00261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Formas-2020-00261"]}]},{"name":"Increase the potential for energy and noise simulations when planning urban densification","award":["Formas 2020-01460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Formas 2020-01460"]}]},{"name":"Sweden\u2019s Innovation Agency Vinnova as part of the Digital Twin Cities Centre (DTCC) hosted by Chalmers University of Technology","award":["Formas-2020-00261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Formas-2020-00261"]}]},{"name":"Sweden\u2019s Innovation Agency Vinnova as part of the Digital Twin Cities Centre (DTCC) hosted by Chalmers University of Technology","award":["Formas 2020-01460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Formas 2020-01460"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-dimensional city models are increasingly being used for analyses and simulations. To enable such applications, it is necessary to standardise semantically richer city models and, in some cases, to connect the models with external data sources. In this study, we describe the development of a new Swedish specification for 3D city models, denoted as 3CIM, which is a joint effort between the three largest cities in Sweden\u2014Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malm\u00f6. Technically, 3CIM is an extension of the OGC standard CityGML 2.0, implemented as an application domain extension (ADE). The ADE is semantically thin, mainly extending CityGML 2.0 to harmonise with national standards; in contrast, 3CIM is mainly based on linkages to external databases, registers, and operational systems for the semantic part. The current version, 3CIM 1.0, includes various themes, including Bridge, Building, Utility, City Furniture, Transportation, Tunnel, Vegetation, and Water. Three test areas were created with 3CIM data, one in each city. These data were evaluated in several use-cases, including visualisation as well as daylight, noise, and flooding simulations. The conclusion from these use-cases is that the 3CIM data, together with the linked external data sources, allow for the inclusion of the necessary information for the visualisation and simulations, but extract, transform, and load (ETL) processes are required to tailor the input data. The next step is to implement 3CIM within the three cities, which will entail several challenges, as discussed at the end of the paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12020047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T04:27:02Z","timestamp":1675225622000},"page":"47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Future Swedish 3D City Models\u2014Specifications, Test Data, and Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Uggla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"City Planning Department, Fleminggatan 4, SE-104 20 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Perola","family":"Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barzan","family":"Abdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban City Planning Office, August Palms Plats 1, SE-205 80 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Axelsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sweco Sverige AB, Digital Services, Box 340 44, SE-100 26 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Calvert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City Planning Department, Fleminggatan 4, SE-104 20 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrika","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban City Planning Office, August Palms Plats 1, SE-205 80 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Gardev\u00e4rn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban City Planning Office, August Palms Plats 1, SE-205 80 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Hirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sweco Sverige AB, Digital Services, Box 340 44, SE-100 26 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Jeansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Planning Authority, K\u00f6pmansgatan 20, SE-411 13 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zuhret","family":"Kadric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Planning Authority, K\u00f6pmansgatan 20, SE-411 13 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Lord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Planning Authority, K\u00f6pmansgatan 20, SE-411 13 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Loreman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban City Planning Office, August Palms Plats 1, SE-205 80 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Persson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ola","family":"Setterby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Planning Authority, K\u00f6pmansgatan 20, SE-411 13 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Sj\u00f6berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Planning Authority, K\u00f6pmansgatan 20, SE-411 13 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban City Planning Office, August Palms Plats 1, SE-205 80 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Ruden\u00e5","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paramountric, \u00c4rtholmsv\u00e4gen 166, SE-216 20 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Ahlstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4957-3558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikael","family":"Bauner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kendall","family":"Hartman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Pantazatou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0222-9306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongchao","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gefei","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, 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