{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T20:15:43Z","timestamp":1762460143774,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]],"date-time":"2023-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sylvia Ioannou Charitable Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extraction and dissemination of historical geospatial data from early maps are major goals of historical geographic information systems (HGISs) in the context of the spatial humanities. This paper illustrates the process of interpreting, georeferencing, organizing, and visualizing the content of a historical map of Cyprus in the context of GISs and highlights the development of a national-scale spatial database of the island in the 19th century. This method was applied to Lord Kitchener\u2019s historical map of Cyprus (published in 1885), which is considered the product of the first scientific topographic survey of Cyprus, is rich in geographic information about the area, and covers the entire island at a scale of 1:63,360. Previous attempts to create historical geodatabases have either focused on small areas or, when conducted on a national scale, have been thematically focused. The positional accuracy of the map was found to be 1.08 mm in map units, which was equivalent to 68.76 m on the ground. Accordingly, the main categories of geographic content (land cover, administrative units, settlements, transportation\/communication networks, stream networks\/water bodies, points of interest, annotations) were digitized from the georeferenced historical map. The Web-based application developed in this study supported the visualization of the historical geographic content of the map and its comparison with modern basemaps. The creation of the geodatabase presented in the study provides a template for similar studies and a basis for further development of the historical geodatabase of Cyprus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12020074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T05:57:52Z","timestamp":1676872672000},"page":"74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Developing and Disseminating a New Historical Geospatial Database from Kitchener\u2019s 19th Century Map of Cyprus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Christos","family":"Chalkias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Harokopio University, 17671 Kallithea, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1652-1815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Papadias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Harokopio University, 17671 Kallithea, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2986-4828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoforos","family":"Vradis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Harokopio University, 17671 Kallithea, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7889-9616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Polykretis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Harokopio University, 17671 Kallithea, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7952-0353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kleomenis","family":"Kalogeropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics Engineering, University of West Attica, 12241 \u0395galeo, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Psarogiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Harokopio University, 17671 Kallithea, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Chalkias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Harokopio University, 17671 Kallithea, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Knowles, A.K. 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