{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T01:51:24Z","timestamp":1777773084845,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]],"date-time":"2023-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institut Teknologi Sumatera","award":["B\/763z\/IT9.C1\/PT.01.03\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B\/763z\/IT9.C1\/PT.01.03\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 14 pertains to the preservation of sustainable marine ecosystems by establishing marine protected areas (MPAs). However, studies have reported massive damage to Indonesian marine ecosystems due to shipping pollution, anchors, and fishing nets. Thus, this study estimated the potential loss of ecosystem service value due to vessel activity expansion in the MPAs of Indonesia. This study was divided into three stages. The first stage is vessel activity expansion zone modeling based on kernel density. The second stage is marine ecosystem service value modeling through semantic harmonization, reclassification, and spatial harmonization. The last stage is the overlay of the vessel expansion zone model, marine ecosystem service value model, and the MPA of Indonesia. The results of this study indicate that the marine neritic zone of Indonesia has an ecosystem service value of USD 814.23 billion, of which USD 159.87 billion (19.63%) are in the MPA. However, the increase in vessel activity that occurred in 2013\u20132018 could potentially lead to the loss of the ecosystem service value of USD 27.63 billion in 14 protected areas. These results can assist policymakers in determining priority conservation areas based on the threat of vessel activity and value of ecosystem services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12020075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T06:37:59Z","timestamp":1676875079000},"page":"75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Potential Loss of Ecosystem Service Value Due to Vessel Activity Expansion in Indonesian Marine Protected Areas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0222-4748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam Irwansyah","family":"Fauzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Regional and Infrastructure Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia"},{"name":"Research and Innovation Center for Geospatial Information Science, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia"},{"name":"Center for Remote Sensing, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nur","family":"Azizah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Regional and Infrastructure Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1915-3835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emi","family":"Yati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Remote Sensing, Research Organization for Aeronautics and Space, Indonesia National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong 16911, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aulia Try","family":"Atmojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Regional and Infrastructure Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia"},{"name":"Research and Innovation Center for Geospatial Information Science, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1637-5598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arif","family":"Rohman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Regional and Infrastructure Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raden","family":"Putra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Ario Eko","family":"Rahadianto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Regional and Infrastructure Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4797-5000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Desi","family":"Ramadhanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Regional and Infrastructure Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nesya Hafiza","family":"Ardani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Regional and Infrastructure Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Balqis Falah","family":"Robbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Regional and Infrastructure Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Ulin","family":"Nuha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Regional and Infrastructure Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia"},{"name":"Research and Innovation Center for Geospatial Information Science, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agung Mahadi Putra","family":"Perdana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Regional and Infrastructure Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia"},{"name":"Research and Innovation Center for Geospatial Information Science, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anjar Dimara","family":"Sakti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Remote Sensing, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"},{"name":"Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Science Research Group, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Tecnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1962-7511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Aufaristama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Hengelosestraat 99, 7514AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5003-0601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ketut","family":"Wikantika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Remote Sensing, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"},{"name":"Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Science Research Group, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Tecnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Marine Ecosystems","volume":"5","year":"2013","journal-title":"Encycl. Biodivers. Second Ed."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.03.020","article-title":"Marine ecosystem services","volume":"27","author":"Barbier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Millenium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystem and Human Well Being, Island Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Austen, M.C., Andersen, P., Armstrong, C., D\u00f6ring, R., Hynes, S., Levrel, H., Oinonen, S., Ressurrei\u00e7\u00e3o, A., and Coopman, J. (2019). Valuing Marine Ecosystems \u2013 Taking into account the value of ecosystems benefits in the Blue Economy, Future Science Brief 5 of the European Marine Board.","DOI":"10.31230\/osf.io\/vy3kp"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2008.09.014","article-title":"Defining and classifying ecosystem services for decision making","volume":"68","author":"Fisher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Salcone, J., Brander, L., and Seidl, A. (2016). Economic Valuation of Marine and Coastal Ecosystem Services in the Pacific Guidance Manual, Report to the MACBIO Project (GIZ, IUCN, SPREP)."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2008.05.018","article-title":"Variations in ecosystem service value in response to land use changes in Shenzhen","volume":"69","author":"Tianhong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2011.12.001","article-title":"Characterizing landscape pattern and ecosystem service value changes for urbanization impacts at an eco-regional scale","volume":"34","author":"Su","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biy137","article-title":"The Ecosystem Services of Marine Aquaculture: Valuing Benefits to People and Nature","volume":"69","author":"Alleway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2016.11.010","article-title":"The impact of land use\/land cover change on ecosystem services in the central highlands of Ethiopia","volume":"23","author":"Tolessa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2020.101146","article-title":"Ecosystem service value of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau significantly increased during 25 years","volume":"44","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.24895\/SNG.2018.3-0.962","article-title":"Pemetaan Jasa Ekosistem","volume":"3","author":"Riqqi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Nas. Geomatika"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.05.046","article-title":"Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Organisms and Ecosystems","volume":"19","author":"Brierley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5331","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13798","article-title":"Protected areas offer refuge from invasive species spreading under climate change","volume":"23","author":"Gallardo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2019.05.005","article-title":"Climate resilience in marine protected areas and the \u2018Protection Paradox\u2019","volume":"236","author":"Bates","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.08.042","article-title":"Climate Change, Human Impacts, and Coastal Ecosystems in the Anthropocene","volume":"29","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2020.108527","article-title":"Linking threat maps with management to guide conservation investment","volume":"245","author":"Tulloch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Fauzi, A.I., Sakti, A.D., Yayusman, L.F., Harto, A.B., Prasetyo, L.B., Irawan, B., and Wikantika, K. (2018, January 15\u201319). Evaluating mangrove forest deforestation causes in Southeast Asia by analyzing recent environment and socio-economic data products. Proceedings of the 39th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing Remote Sensing Enabling Prosperity ACRS 2018, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fauzi, A., Sakti, A., Yayusman, L., Harto, A., Prasetyo, L., Irawan, B., Kamal, M., and Wikantika, K. (2019). Contextualizing mangrove forest deforestation in southeast asia using environmental and socio-economic data products. Forests, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/f10110952"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5844","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15275","article-title":"Global declines in human-driven mangrove loss","volume":"26","author":"Goldberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2021.105248","article-title":"Ecological responses, adaptation and mechanisms of mangrove wetland ecosystem to global climate change and anthropogenic activities","volume":"162","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.315","article-title":"Indonesia\u2019s globally significant seagrass meadows are under widespread threat","volume":"634","author":"Unsworth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fauzi, A.I., Sakti, A.D., Robbani, B.F., Ristiyani, M., Agustin, R.T., Yati, E., Nuha, M.U., Anika, N., Putra, R., and Siregar, D.I. (2021). Assessing potential climatic and human pressures in indonesian coastal ecosystems using a spatial data-driven approach. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10110778"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Brodie, G., and De Ramon N\u2019yeurt, A. (2018). Effects of Climate Change on Seagrasses and Seagrass Habitats Relevant to the Pacific Islands. PACIFIC Mar. Clim. Chang. Rep. CARD Sci. Rev., 112\u2013131."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-041911-111611","article-title":"Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems","volume":"4","author":"Doney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2016). Marine Protected Areas|Marine Conservation Society. Explor. Mar. Prot. Areas UK, 14."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.2680","article-title":"Building the future of MPAs\u2014Lessons from history","volume":"26","author":"Wells","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (2017). Marine Protected Areas and Climate Change. Iucn, 1\u20132."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2019.e00569","article-title":"The current application of ecological connectivity in the design of marine protected areas","volume":"17","author":"Balbar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28134","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2000174117","article-title":"A global network of marine protected areas for food","volume":"117","author":"Cabral","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2022, July 08). UNEP With 15% of Terrestrial and 7% of Marine Areas Now Protected, World on Track to Meet Conservation Targets. Available online: https:\/\/www.unep.org\/news-and-stories\/press-release\/15-terrestrial-and-7-marine-areas-now-protected-world-track-meet."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (2020). Report of the Open-Ended Working Group on the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework on Its Second Meeting. Conv. Biol. Divers., 5, 248\u2013253."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"137","article-title":"Pengembangan Kawasan Konservasi Untuk Mendukung Pengelolaan Perikanan yang Berkelanjutan di Indonesia","volume":"12","author":"Rusandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Fish. J. Mar. Fish. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"58","article-title":"Development and Progress of Marine Protected Area Systems in Indonesia","volume":"1","author":"Susanto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Usaid"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.29244\/jitkt.v12i2.29262","article-title":"Strategi Peningkatan Efektivitas Pengelolaan Kawasan Konservasi Taman Nasional Karimunjawa","volume":"12","author":"Zairon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ilmu dan Teknol. Kelaut. Trop."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2015.09.011","article-title":"The socio-economic effects of a Marine Protected Area on the ecosystem service of leisure and recreation","volume":"62","author":"Rees","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"155","article-title":"Analisis spasial dan temporal aktivitas kapal ikan di perairan selatan aru menggunakan citra modis dan radarsat-2","volume":"9","author":"Mahabror","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Kelaut. Indones. J. Mar. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"51","article-title":"Perspektif Eksploitasi dan Konservasi dalam Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Perikanan Indonesia","volume":"2","author":"Nugroho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Maj. Media Perencana"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"239","article-title":"Jasa Penyedia Ekosistem Terumbu Karang Di Kawasan Suaka Alam Perairan Kepulauan Raja Ampat Dari Perspektif Valuasi Ekonomi","volume":"13","author":"Arkham","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Kelaut. Indones. J. Mar. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pemanasan Global, Eksploitasi Sumberdaya Perikanan, dan Pencemaran Pesisir Sebagai Penyebab Utama Perubahan Ekologi Laut di Indonesia","volume":"42","author":"Hadiyanto","year":"2018","journal-title":"OSEANA"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"4","article-title":"Polluter identi fi cation with spaceborne radar imagery, AIS and forward drift modeling","volume":"101","author":"Mouche","year":"2015","journal-title":"MPB"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2015.09.002","article-title":"Environmental cost and eco-efficiency from vessel emissions in Las Palmas Port","volume":"83","author":"Tichavska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.07.021","article-title":"Ship emission inventory and its impact on the PM2.5 air pollution in Qingdao Port, North China","volume":"166","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2022, October 19). Direktorat Jenderal Pengelolaan Ruang Laut KKP|Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan. Available online: https:\/\/kkp.go.id\/djprl\/artikel\/23631-pencemaran-laut."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12057","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/575\/1\/012057","article-title":"Anthropogenic activity and the destruction of coral reefs in the waters of small islands Anthropogenic activity and the destruction of coral reefs in the waters of small islands","volume":"575","author":"Fudjaja","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107592","article-title":"Assessment of ecological stress caused by maritime vessels based on a comprehensive model using AIS data: Case study of the Bohai Sea, China","volume":"126","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.5343\/bms.2015.1034","article-title":"Conservation science and policy applications of the marine vessel Automatic Identification System (AIS)-A review","volume":"92","author":"Robards","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.13139","article-title":"Using satellite AIS to improve our understanding of shipping and fill gaps in ocean observation data to support marine spatial planning","volume":"55","author":"Metcalfe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2018.03.010","article-title":"Exploring ship traffic variability off California","volume":"163","author":"Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Rahardi, W., and Suhardi, R.M. (2016, January 24). Keanekaragaman Hayati dan Jasa Ekosistem Mangrove di Indonesia. Proceedings of the Prosiding Symbion (Symposium on Biology Education), Yogyakarta, Indonesia."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Dharmawan, I.W.E. (2017). Pramudji Panduan Pemantauan Komunitas Mangrove, Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi, LIPI."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"37","article-title":"The Economic Value of Coastal and Marine Biodiversity in Indonesia","volume":"2","author":"Yudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cendekia Ihya"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"299","article-title":"Potensi Blue Carbon dalam Penanganan Perubahan Iiklim Guna Menunjang Keamanan Maritim Indonesia","volume":"9","author":"Rosyada","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Marit. Indones."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2015.08.005","article-title":"Do protected areas reduce blue carbon emissions? A quasi-experimental evaluation of mangroves in Indonesia","volume":"119","author":"Miteva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Adi, N.S., Paputungan, M.S., Rustam, A., and Haditomo, A.H.C. (2020, January 21\u201323). Medrilzam Estimating carbon emission and baseline for blue carbon ecosystems in indonesia. Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Changchun, China."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012010","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/500\/1\/012010","article-title":"Land suitability analysis for global mangrove rehabilitation in Indonesia","volume":"500","author":"Syahid","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146818","article-title":"The first nation-wide assessment identifies valuable blue-carbon seagrass habitat in Indonesia is in moderate condition","volume":"782","author":"Hernawan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.00127","article-title":"The role of herbivory in structuring tropical seagrass ecosystem service delivery","volume":"9","author":"Scott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0163091","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163091","article-title":"Seagrass ecosystem services and their variability across genera and geographical regions","volume":"11","author":"Nordlund","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"292","article-title":"Dampak Aktivitas Antropogenik Terhadapn Degradasi Hutan Mangrove Di Indonesia","volume":"1","author":"Eddy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lingkung. dan Pembang."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakti, A.D., Fauzi, A.I., Wilwatikta, F.N., Rajagukguk, Y.S., Sudhana, S.A., Yayusman, L.F., Syahid, L.N., Sritarapipat, T., Principe, J.A., and Quynh Trang, N.T. (2020). Multi-source remote sensing data product analysis: Investigating anthropogenic and naturogenic impacts on mangroves in southeast asia. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12172720"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1","article-title":"Kualitas Kesehatan Ekosistem Benua Maritim Indonesia untuk Keberlanjutan Sumber Daya Ikan","volume":"4","author":"Tahir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prosiding Simposium Nasional Kelautan Dan Perikanan."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"95","article-title":"Jasa Ekosistem Lamun di Pulau Panjang, Serang, Banten","volume":"4","author":"Dianovita","year":"2019","journal-title":"IJEEM Indones. J. Environ. Educ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2020.105451","article-title":"Local awareness as an instrument for management and conservation of seagrass ecosystem: Case of Berau Regency, Indonesia","volume":"203","author":"Lukman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"(2022, October 19). Onrizal Mangrove, Ekosistem Penting Langka yang Semakin Terancam. Available online: https:\/\/www.mongabay.co.id\/2018\/08\/13\/mangrove-ekosistem-penting-langka-yang-semakin-terancam\/."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluasi Kondisi Ekosistem Mangrove Angke Kapuk Teluk Jakarta Dan Konsekuensinya Terhadap Jasa Ekosistem","volume":"15","author":"Sofian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Kelaut. Nas."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2022, October 19). UNEP-WCMC Explore the World\u2019s Protected Areas. Available online: https:\/\/www.protectedplanet.net\/country\/IDN."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3020","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70303020","article-title":"Automatic boat identification system for VIIRS low light imaging data","volume":"7","author":"Elvidge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002","article-title":"Changes in the global value of ecosystem services","volume":"26","author":"Costanza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, L., Li, J., Ye, M., Pu, R., Liu, Y., Guo, Q., Feng, B., and Song, X. (2018). Changes of ecosystem service value in a coastal zone of Zhejiang province, China, during rapid urbanization. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071301"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.05.206","article-title":"Science of the Total Environment Effects of ship-induced waves on aquatic ecosystems","volume":"601\u2013602","author":"Gabel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, N., Lucas, R., Bunting, P., Hardy, A., Rosenqvist, A., and Simard, M. (2017). Distribution and drivers of global mangrove forest change, 1996\u20132010. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179302"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bunting, P., Rosenqvist, A., Lucas, R.M., Rebelo, L.-M., Hilarides, L., Thomas, N., Hardy, A., Itoh, T., Shimada, M., and Finlayson, C.M. (2018). The Global Mangrove Watch\u2014A New 2010 Global Baseline of Mangrove Extent. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10101669"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1007\/s00338-020-02005-6","article-title":"A global coral reef probability map generated using convolutional neural networks","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1002\/rse2.157","article-title":"Mapping the world\u2019s coral reefs using a global multiscale earth observation framework","volume":"6","author":"Lyons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"(2022, October 19). Allen Coral Atlas Allen Coral Atlas|FAQ. Available online: https:\/\/www.allencoralatlas.org\/resources\/."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0805-8","article-title":"The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats","volume":"565","author":"Murray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"(2022, October 19). IHO-UNESCO GEBCO Gridded Bathymetry Data. Available online: https:\/\/www.gebco.net\/data_and_products\/gridded_bathymetry_data\/."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Juffe-Bignoli, D., Bingham, H., MacSharry, B., Deguignet, M., Lewis, E., Milam, A., and Kingston, N. (2022, October 19). Available online: http:\/\/wcmc.io\/WDPA_Manual."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"(2022, October 19). UNEP-WCMC World Database of Protected Areas. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/land-water\/land\/land-governance\/land-resources-planning-toolbox\/category\/details\/zh\/c\/1236440\/."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"94","article-title":"Coral Reef Distribution around Bakauheni Sea-port, South Lampung, Indonesia","volume":"1","author":"Faizal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Akuatek"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"59","article-title":"Penentuan Prioritas Pangkalan Utama Kapal Pengawas Perikanan Untuk Pencegahan Illegal Fishing Di WPP NRI-715","volume":"12","author":"Krisnafi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Fish."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"163","article-title":"Sahara Pengaruh Investasi terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Regional di Indonesia","volume":"8","author":"Tri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ekon. dan Kebijak. Pembang. Desember"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"151","article-title":"Pemanfaatan transportasi laut untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan sektor pariwisata","volume":"19","author":"Pujiastuti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Saintek Marit."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Kkp (2016). Laporan Tahunan Kementrian Kelautan dan Perikanan, Kementrian Kelautan dan Perikanan."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.29244\/core.1.3.245-255","article-title":"Pengelolaan sumberdaya udang yang berkelanjutan di laut aru dan arafura","volume":"1","author":"Umamah","year":"2018","journal-title":"ALBACORE J. Penelit. Perikan. Laut"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"1","article-title":"Status Perikanan di Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan (WPP RI 571\u2014Laut Andaman dan Selat Malaka) (Fisheries Status of Indonesian Fisheries Management Zone (WPP RI 571- Andaman Sea and Malacca Strait))","volume":"5","author":"Wahyudin","year":"2013","journal-title":"SSRN Electron. J."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.35800\/jitpt.7.2.2022.41608","article-title":"Pelanggaran Kapal Perikanan di Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan Negara Republik Indonesia 571","volume":"7","author":"Marpaung","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. ILMU DAN Teknol. Perikan. TANGKAP"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"9","article-title":"Dampak Kerusakan Lingkungan Laut Akibat Penggunaan Jaring Trawl (Kasus: Penggunaan Jaring Trawl oleh Nelayan Jawa Timur di Perairan Lamongan dan Gresik)","volume":"2","author":"Safitri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Huk."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pengelolaan, Model Terluar, Pulau-pulau Kecil Pada, Berbasis Sistem, Pendekatan Sosioekonomi, Sistem Sistem","volume":"1","author":"Lubis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ringkasan Desertasi"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"211","article-title":"Penentuan Prioritas Wilayah Kerja Untuk Peningkatan Pengawasan Perikanan di WPP NRI 711","volume":"8","author":"Krisnafi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Fish."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"17","article-title":"Maximum Economic Yield Perikanan Tangkap (Studi Manajemen Perikanan Tangkap di WPPNRI 711)","volume":"2","author":"Hermanto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Fish. Mar. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"37","article-title":"Strategi Pengamanan ALKI-I dalam Penegakan Kedaulatan Hukum Laut Indonesia sebagai Poros Maritim Dunia","volume":"19","author":"Darma","year":"2018","journal-title":"LITIGASI"},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"127","article-title":"Bukti langsung interaksi perdagangan di kepulauan riau: Studi pada situs arkeologi bawah air di pulau natuna dan pulau bintan","volume":"14","author":"Adhityatama","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Segara"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.09.005","article-title":"Taiwan\u2019s legal framework for marine pollution control and responses to marine oil spills and its implementation on T. S. Taipei cargo shipwreck salvage","volume":"136","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Matchinski, E.J., Chen, B., Ye, X., Jing, L., and Lee, K. (2019). Marine Oil Spills\u2014Oil Pollution, Sources and Effects, Elsevier Ltd.. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-805052-1.00024-3"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1864","article-title":"Hidden roles of protected areas in the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services","volume":"8","author":"Vina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2017.05.014","article-title":"What are the benefits of strictly protected nature reserves ? Rapid assessment of ecosystem service values in Wanglang Nature Reserve","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.04.095","article-title":"Ecosystem service value assessment of a natural reserve region for strengthening protection and conservation","volume":"244","author":"Sannigrahi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"119","article-title":"Management effectiveness of southeast aru islands marine conservation area","volume":"19","author":"Dangeubun","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Manaj. Hutan Trop."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1620503114","article-title":"Strengthening protected areas for biodiversity and ecosystem services in China","volume":"114","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/26395916.2021.1946155","article-title":"Ecosystem services and justice of protected areas: The case of Circeo National Park, Italy","volume":"17","author":"Benetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecosyst. People"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2018.00359","article-title":"The challenge of implementing the marine ecosystem service concept","volume":"5","author":"Townsend","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2014.07.013","article-title":"The valuation of marine ecosystem goods and services in the Caribbean: A literature review and framework for future valuation efforts","volume":"11","author":"Schuhmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Schaafsma, M., and Turner, R.K. (2015). Coastal Zones Ecosystem Services: From Science to Values and Decision Making, Springer."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milon, J.W., and Alvarez, S. (2019). The Elusive Quest for Valuation of Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Services. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11071518"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2021.105209","article-title":"Making spatial-temporal marine ecosystem modelling better\u2014A perspective","volume":"145","author":"Steenbeek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Knowledge Status of Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Services\u2014Challenges, Limitations and Lessons Learned From the Application of the Ecosystem Services Approach in Management","volume":"8","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.09.076","article-title":"Spatially explicit risk approach for multi-hazard assessment and management in marine environment: The case study of the Adriatic Sea","volume":"618","author":"Furlan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5544","DOI":"10.13057\/biodiv\/d221238","article-title":"Diversity, coverage, distribution and ecosystem services of seagrass in three small islands of northern Papua, Indonesia: Liki island, Meossu island and Befondi island","volume":"22","author":"Nugraha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biodiversitas"},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"101941","article-title":"Assessment of coastal ecosystem services and its condition for policy management plan in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia","volume":"47","author":"Tussadiah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/387253a0","article-title":"The value of the world\u2019s ecosystem services and natural capital","volume":"387","author":"Costanza","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, X., Li, G., Xia, J., Ben, J., Cao, Q., Zhao, L., Ma, Y., Zhang, L., and Zhu, D. (2020). Enabling the Big Earth Observation Data via Cloud Computing and DGGS: Opportunities and Challenges. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010062"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/21513732.2011.647835","article-title":"Modeling benefits from nature: Using ecosystem services to inform coastal and marine spatial planning","volume":"8","author":"Guerry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biodivers. Sci. Ecosyst. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanah Arieska, P. (2011). Studi partisipasi stakeholder dalam penguatan status kawasan cagar alam pulau enu pulau karang kabupaten kepulauan aru. J Stat. J. Ilm. Teor. dan Apl. Stat., 3.","DOI":"10.36456\/jstat.vol3.no01.a1111"},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"Mahabror, D., and Hidayat, J.J. (2018, January 5). Analisis Kerugian Ekonomi Akibat Illegal Fishing Di Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif Perairan Natuna. Proceedings of the Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kelautan dan Perikanan IV, Tunjangan, Surabaya."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, F.C., Elvidge, C.D., Baugh, K., Zhizhin, M., Ghosh, T., Kroodsma, D., Susanto, A., Budy, W., Riyanto, M., and Nurzeha, R. (2019). Cross-matching VIIRS boat detections with vessel monitoring system tracks in Indonesia. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11090995"},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"1870","article-title":"Smart Ship Detection using Transfer Learning with ResNet","volume":"6","author":"Joshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Truong, T.N., Do Ngoc, T., Quang, B.N., and Tran, S. (2019, January 14\u201316). Le Combining Multi-Threshold Saliency with Transfer Learning for Ship Detection and Information Extraction from Optical Satellite Images. Proceedings of the Proceedings of IEEE 14th International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Knowledge Engineering, ISKE, Dalian, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISKE47853.2019.9170323"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heiselberg, H. (2019). Aircraft and ship velocity determination in sentinel-2 multispectral images. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19132873"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., Shin, J., Ahn, J., and Kim, S. (2020). Extremely robust remote-target detection based on carbon dioxide-double spikes in midwave spectral imaging. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102896"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kami\u0144ski, \u0141., Kulawiak, M., Cizmowski, W., Chybicki, A., Stepnowski, A., and Or\u0142owski, A. (2009, January 12). Web-based GIS dedicated for marine environment surveillance and monitoring. Proceedings of the OCEANS\u201909 IEEE Bremen: Balancing Technology with Future Needs, Bremen, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANSE.2009.5278151"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sprovieri, M., Cucco, A., Budillon, F., Manta, D.S., Trincardi, F., and Passaro, S. (2022). Large-Scale Mercury Dispersion at Sea: Modelling a Multi-Hazard Case Study from Augusta Bay (Central Mediterranean Sea). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19073956"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2020.103927","article-title":"Data-driven approach for highlighting priority areas for protection in marine areas beyond national jurisdiction","volume":"122","author":"Visalli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.13424","article-title":"A data-driven geospatial workflow to map species distributions for conservation assessments","volume":"27","author":"Palacio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Divers. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakti, A.D., Fauzi, A.I., Takeuchi, W., Pradhan, B., Yarime, M., Vega-Garcia, C., Agustina, E., Wibisono, D., Anggraini, T.S., and Theodora, M.O. (2022). Spatial Prioritization for Wildfire Mitigation by Integrating Heterogeneous Spatial Data: A New Multi-Dimensional Approach for Tropical Rainforests. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030543"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2021.104939","article-title":"Marine conservation beyond MPAs: Towards the recognition of other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) in Indonesia","volume":"137","author":"Estradivari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, Q., Li, Z., Li, G., Zhu, D., and Hu, P. (2021). Application of the coastal hazard wheel for coastal multi-hazard assessment and management in the Guang-Fong-Hongkong-Macao greater bay area. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132212623"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/12\/2\/75\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:36:18Z","timestamp":1760121378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/12\/2\/75"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi12020075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi12020075","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]}}}