{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T13:36:02Z","timestamp":1784727362360,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Centre for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0359\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0359\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Centre for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0211\/SBAD\/0122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0211\/SBAD\/0122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004239","name":"Poznan University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0359\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0359\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004239","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004239","name":"Poznan University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0211\/SBAD\/0122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0211\/SBAD\/0122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004239","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Classification is one of the most-common machine learning tasks. In the field of GIS, deep-neural-network-based classification algorithms are mainly used in the field of remote sensing, for example for image classification. In the case of spatial data in the form of polygons or lines, the representation of the data in the form of a graph enables the use of graph neural networks (GNNs) to classify spatial objects, taking into account their topology. In this article, a method for multi-class classification of spatial objects using GNNs is proposed. The method was compared to two others that are based solely on text classification or text classification and an adjacency matrix. The use case for the developed method was the classification of planning zones in local spatial development plans. The experiments indicated that information about the topology of objects has a significant impact on improving the classification results using GNNs. It is also important to take into account different input parameters, such as the document length, the form of the training data representation, or the network architecture used, in order to optimize the model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12030083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T04:33:56Z","timestamp":1677040436000},"page":"83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Classification of Spatial Objects with the Use of Graph Neural Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0738-484X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Kaczmarek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Spatial Management, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6873-9798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Iwaniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformatics, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Wroclaw Institute of Spatial Information and Artificial Intelligence, 50-374 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2576-7625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"\u015awietlicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wroclaw Institute of Spatial Information and Artificial Intelligence, 50-374 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Automatic Control and Robotics, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kitchin, R., and Thrift, N. 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