{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T07:48:05Z","timestamp":1778053685469,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, China","award":["1-ZVE8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-ZVE8"]}]},{"name":"The State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, China","award":["2019YFB2103102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFB2103102"]}]},{"name":"The State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, China","award":["T22-505\/19-N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T22-505\/19-N"]}]},{"name":"The State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, China","award":["1-ZVN6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-ZVN6"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["1-ZVE8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-ZVE8"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2019YFB2103102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFB2103102"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["T22-505\/19-N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T22-505\/19-N"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["1-ZVN6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-ZVN6"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grants Council","award":["1-ZVE8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-ZVE8"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grants Council","award":["2019YFB2103102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFB2103102"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grants Council","award":["T22-505\/19-N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T22-505\/19-N"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grants Council","award":["1-ZVN6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-ZVN6"]}]},{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University","award":["1-ZVE8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-ZVE8"]}]},{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University","award":["2019YFB2103102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFB2103102"]}]},{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University","award":["T22-505\/19-N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T22-505\/19-N"]}]},{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University","award":["1-ZVN6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-ZVN6"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the space\u2013time pattern of the transmission locations of COVID-19, as well as the relationship between the pattern, socioeconomic status, and environmental factors, is important for pandemic prevention. Most existing research mainly analyzes the locations resided in or visited by COVID-19 cases, while few studies have been undertaken on the space\u2013time pattern of the locations at which the transmissions took place and its associated influencing factors. To fill this gap, this study focuses on the space\u2013time distribution patterns of COVID-19 transmission locations and the association between such patterns and urban factors. With Hong Kong as the study area, transmission chains of the four waves of COVID-19 outbreak in Hong Kong during the time period of January 2020 to June 2021 were reconstructed from the collected case information, and then the locations of COVID-19 transmission were inferred from the transmission chains. Statistically significant clusters of COVID-19 transmission locations at the level of tertiary planning units (TPUs) were detected and compared among different waves of COVID-19 outbreak. The high-risk areas and the associated influencing factors of different waves were also investigated. The results indicate that COVID-19 transmission began with the Hong Kong Island, further moved northward towards the New Territories, and finally shifted to the south Hong Kong Island, and the transmission population shows a difference between residential locations and non-residential locations. The research results can provide health authorities and policy-makers with useful information for pandemic prevention, as well as serve as a guide to the public in the avoidance of activities and places with a high risk of contagion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12030111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T06:54:02Z","timestamp":1678085642000},"page":"111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Analysis of the Spatial Distribution and Associated Factors of the Transmission Locations of COVID-19 in the First Four Waves in Hong Kong"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Daping","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenzhong","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3529-585X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7083-6001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing (LIESMARS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6683-2342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruizhi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing (LIESMARS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). 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