{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:02:29Z","timestamp":1782864149661,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current COVID-19 pandemic has caused a significant decline in human mobility during the past three years. This may lead to reconfiguring future tourism flows and resulting transformations in the geographic patterns of economic activities and transportation needs. This study empirically addresses the changes in tourism mobility caused by the pandemic. It focuses on the yet unexplored effects of the destination type on tourism volume change. To investigate this, 1426 metropolitan, urban\/resort and dispersed destinations were delimited based on Airbnb offers. Airbnb reviews were used as the proxy for the changes in tourist visits in 2019\u20132022. Linear mixed-effects models were employed to verify two hypotheses on the differences between the effects of the pandemic on three kinds of tourism destinations. The results confirm the tourism de-metropolisation hypothesis: metropolitan destinations have experienced between \u221212.4% and \u22127.5% additional decreases in tourism visits compared to secondary cities and resorts. The second de-concentration hypothesis that urban\/resort destinations are more affected than dispersed tourism destinations is not supported. The results also confirm that stricter restrictions and destination dependence on international tourism have negatively affected their visitation. The study sheds light on post-pandemic scenarios on tourism mobility transformations in various geographic locations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12040139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T09:26:21Z","timestamp":1679649981000},"page":"139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Tourism De-Metropolisation but Not De-Concentration: COVID-19 and World Destinations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3307-5079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Czes\u0142aw","family":"Adamiak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, May 17). Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports. Available online: https:\/\/www.google.com\/covid19\/mobility\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2021.102524","article-title":"The city turned off: Urban dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic based on mobile phone data","volume":"134","author":"Romanillos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09669582.2020.1758708","article-title":"Pandemics, tourism and global change: A rapid assessment of COVID-19","volume":"29","author":"Scott","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Tour."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2021.104393","article-title":"The immediate and subsequent effects of public health interventions for COVID-19 on the leisure and recreation industry","volume":"87","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2021, September 24). UNWTO World Tourism Barometer and Statistical Annex, July 2021. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18111\/wtobarometereng.2021.19.1.4.","DOI":"10.18111\/wtobarometereng.2021.19.1.4"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2020.103120","article-title":"Monitoring the global COVID-19 impact on tourism: The COVID-19 tourism index","volume":"90","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmp.2021.100819","article-title":"COVID-19 and tourism vulnerability","volume":"38","author":"Duro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tour. Manag. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"100563","article-title":"Spatial and experimental analysis of peer-to-peer accommodation consumption during COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Destin. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2020.1798895","article-title":"The effect of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) risk perception on behavioural intention towards \u2018untact\u2019 tourism in South Korea during the first wave of the pandemic (March 2020)","volume":"24","author":"Bae","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tour."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2021.103159","article-title":"Proximal and distal post-COVID travel behavior","volume":"88","author":"Miao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2021.104287","article-title":"COVID19: Holiday intentions during a pandemic","volume":"84","author":"Pappas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2021.103144","article-title":"COVID-19 and its long-term effects on activity participation and travel behaviour: A multiperspective view","volume":"95","author":"Witlox","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1080\/14616688.2020.1759133","article-title":"Ecological grief generates desire for environmental healing in tourism after COVID-19","volume":"22","author":"Crossley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tour. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"249","article-title":"Reset or temporary break? Attitudinal change, risk perception and future travel intention in tourists experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"4","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Tour. Futures"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2020.103053","article-title":"Understanding the COVID-19 tourist psyche: The Evolutionary Tourism Paradigm","volume":"85","author":"Kock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2021.103258","article-title":"Impacts of COVID-19 on tourists\u2019 destination preferences: Evidence from China","volume":"90","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2021.104398","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on travelers\u2019 preference for crowded versus non-crowded options","volume":"87","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"100568","article-title":"Can domestic tourism relieve the COVID-19 tourist industry crisis? The case of Spain","volume":"20","author":"Razumova","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Destin. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2021.103326","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic and domestic travel subsidies","volume":"92","author":"Matsuura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2020, October 12). UNWTO Briefing Note\u2013Tourism and COVID-19, Issue 3. Understanding Domestic Tourism and Seizing Its Opportunities. Available online: https:\/\/www.e-unwto.org\/doi\/book\/10.18111\/9789284422111."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1108\/IJTC-08-2019-0117","article-title":"Conceptualizing and contextualising overtourism: The dynamics of accelerating urban tourism","volume":"6","author":"Nilsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Tour. Cities"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1108\/JTF-09-2017-067","article-title":"The future of city tourism","volume":"3","author":"Postma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Tour. Futures"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-00609-9","article-title":"A structured open dataset of government interventions in response to COVID-19","volume":"7","author":"Dervic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"565","article-title":"Urban tourism performance index over the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"7","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Tour. Cities"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jort.2020.100329","article-title":"City tourism pre- and post-covid-19 pandemic\u2013Messages to take home for climate change adaptation and mitigation?","volume":"31","author":"Brandenburg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Outdoor Recreat. Tour."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalczyk-Anio\u0142, J., Grochowicz, M., and Pawlusi\u0144ski, R. (2021). How a Tourism City Responds to COVID-19: A CEE Perspective (Krak\u00f3w Case Study). Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13147914"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva Lopes, H., Remoaldo, P.C., Ribeiro, V., and Mart\u00edn-Vide, J. (2021). Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourist Risk Perceptions\u2014The Case Study of Porto. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13116399"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baert, S., Lippens, L., Moens, E., Sterkens, P., and Weytjens, J. (2020). The COVID-19 Crisis and Telework: A Research Survey on Experiences, Expectations and Hopes, Institute of Labor Economics. Available online: http:\/\/ftp.iza.org\/dp13229.pdf.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3596696"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Sorenson, J. (2020). The Journey Ahead: How the Pandemic and Technology Will Change Airline Business Travel, IdeaWorksCompany. Available online: https:\/\/ideaworkscompany.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Journey-Ahead-Airline-Business.pdf."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"9","article-title":"Najem kr\u00f3tkoterminowy w Polsce w czasie pandemii COVID-19","volume":"93","author":"Adamiak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Czas. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"100052","article-title":"Changes of tourism trajectories in (post)covidian world: Croatian perspectives","volume":"3","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Glob."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2021.1910216","article-title":"Rural tourism recovery between two COVID-19 waves: The case of Portugal","volume":"25","author":"Marques","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tour."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"485","article-title":"Mountain tourism and second home tourism as post COVID-19 lockdown placebo?","volume":"12","author":"Seraphin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Worldw. Hosp. Tour. Themes"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2020.1839027","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural tourism in Czechia Preliminary considerations","volume":"25","author":"Vaishar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tour."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1177\/00472875211017237","article-title":"Tourism during and after COVID-19: An Expert-Informed Agenda for Future Research","volume":"61","author":"Assaf","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Travel Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.18778\/0867-5856.31.2.04","article-title":"Regional tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic: Losses, missed opportunities and new developments for the tourism industry","volume":"31","author":"Szpara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turyzm\/Tourism"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2020.103994","article-title":"Protected areas as a space for pandemic disease adaptation: A case of COVID-19 in Hong Kong","volume":"207","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2021.104092","article-title":"The role of perceived public and private green space in subjective health and wellbeing during and after the first peak of the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"211","author":"Poortinga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2021.104175","article-title":"Back to nature: Norwegians sustain increased recreational use of urban green space months after the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"214","author":"Venter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreno-Luna, L., Robina-Ram\u00edrez, R., S\u00e1nchez, M.S.-O., and Castro-Serrano, J. (2021). Tourism and Sustainability in Times of COVID-19: The Case of Spain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041859"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"399","article-title":"Rural Tourism in and after the COVID-19 Era: \u201cRevenge Travel\u201d or Chance for a Degrowth-Oriented Restart? Cases from Ireland and Germany","volume":"3","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tour. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2020.102363","article-title":"A country comparison of place-based activity response to COVID-19 policies","volume":"125","author":"McKenzie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1080\/09669582.2020.1773476","article-title":"Changes in air passenger demand as a result of the COVID-19 crisis: Using Big Data to inform tourism policy","volume":"29","author":"Gallego","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Tour."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Napiera\u0142a, T., Le\u015bniewska-Napiera\u0142a, K., and Burski, R. (2020). Impact of Geographic Distribution of COVID-19 Cases on Hotels\u2019 Performances: Case of Polish Cities. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12114697"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2021.104313","article-title":"Air-travelers\u2019 concerns emerging from online comments during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"85","author":"Piccinelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"102749","article-title":"An early assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on air transport: Just another crisis or the end of aviation as we know it?","volume":"81","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1108\/IJTC-07-2021-0140","article-title":"How the peer-to-peer market for tourist accommodation has responded to COVID-19","volume":"8","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Tour. Cities"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.15201\/hungeobull.69.4.3","article-title":"The effects of COVID-19 on Airbnb","volume":"69","author":"Boros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hung. Geogr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"168","article-title":"Airbnb and hotels during COVID-19: Different strategies to survive","volume":"16","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cult. Tour. Hosp. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, M.R., and Lee, A.D. (2020, November 28). Airbnb, COVID-19 Risk and Lockdowns: Global Evidence. Available online: https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3589141.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3589141"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nhamo, G., Dube, K., and Chikodzi, D. (2020). Counting the Cost of COVID-19 on the Global Tourism Industry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-56231-1"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diggeo.2021.100019","article-title":"The shifting geographies of digital intermediation: The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on short-term rentals in Italian cities","volume":"2","author":"Romano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Digit. Geogr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1177\/00472875211051418","article-title":"Combining Conventional Statistics and Big Data to Map Global Tourism Destinations Before COVID-19","volume":"61","author":"Adamiak","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Travel Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cebeillac, A., and Vaguet, Y. (2021). What can we learn from Airbnb data on tourist flows? A case study on Iceland. Espace Popul. Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, 1\u201322.","DOI":"10.4000\/eps.10452"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2019.1696758","article-title":"Current state and development of Airbnb accommodation offer in 167 countries","volume":"25","author":"Adamiak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tour."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2018.03.009","article-title":"Big data in tourism research: A literature review","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Ester, M., Kriegel, H.-P., Sander, J., and Xu, X. (1996). KDD-96 Proceedings, University of Munich. Available online: https:\/\/www.aaai.org\/Papers\/KDD\/1996\/KDD96-037.pdf."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v091.i01","article-title":"dbscan: Fast Density-Based Clustering with R","volume":"91","author":"Hahsler","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2021, January 04). The World According to GaWC 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.lboro.ac.uk\/gawc\/world2020t.html."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2021, January 04). Natural Earth. Available online: https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2021, February 15). NUTS\u2013Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics Statistics: Background. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/web\/nuts\/background."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Determinants of Online Review Informativeness: Evidence from Field Experiments on Airbnb","volume":"41","author":"Fradkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"SSRN Electron. J."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"(2021, February 15). About Inside Airbnb. Available online: http:\/\/insideairbnb.com\/about.html."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2023, March 22). Httr: Tools for Working with URLs and HTTP. R Package Version 1.4.2. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=httr."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Ye, J., and Goh, B. (2023, February 06). Airbnb to shut domestic business in China from July 30. Reuters 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/asia\/airbnb-says-will-shut-domestic-business-china-july-30-2022-05-24."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Malik, A. (2023, February 06). Airbnb suspends all operations in Russia and Belarus. TechCrunch 2022. Available online: https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2022\/03\/04\/airbnb-suspends-all-operations-in-russia-and-belarus."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Eurostat (2023, February 06). Arrivals at Tourist Accommodation Establishments\u2013Monthly Data. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/databrowser\/view\/tour_occ_arm\/default\/table?lang=en."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Cheng, J., Karambelkar, B., and Xie, Y. (2023, March 22). Leaflet: Create Interactive Web Maps with the JavaScript \u2018Leaflet\u2019 Library. R Package Version 2.0.4.1. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=leaflet."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Pedersen, T.L. (2023, March 22). Ggforce: Accelerating \u2018ggplot2\u2019. R Package Version 0.3.3. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=ggforce."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v084.i06","article-title":"tmap: Thematic Maps in R","volume":"84","author":"Tennekes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01079-8","article-title":"A global panel database of pandemic policies (Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker)","volume":"5","author":"Hale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2022.104613","article-title":"Travel-at-home: Paradoxical effects of a pandemic threat on domestic tourism","volume":"93","author":"Braun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"(2022, February 01). The World Bank TCdata360. Available online: https:\/\/tcdata360.worldbank.org\/."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Eurostat (2023, February 06). Arrivals at Tourist Accommodation Establishments by NUTS 2 Regions. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/databrowser\/view\/tour_occ_arn2\/default\/table?lang=en."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001","article-title":"Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal","volume":"68","author":"Barr","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mem. Lang."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2022.103424","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccines, rules, deaths, and tourism recovery","volume":"95","author":"Okafor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"UN News (2023, February 01). Tedros: COVID-19 Remains an International Health Threat. Available online: https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2023\/01\/1132977."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2018.11.005","article-title":"The xenophobic tourist","volume":"74","author":"Kock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1080\/14616688.2020.1763445","article-title":"The COVID-19 crisis as an opportunity for escaping the unsustainable global tourism path","volume":"22","author":"Ioannides","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tour. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/14616688.2020.1757749","article-title":"COVID-19: From temporary de-globalisation to a re-discovery of tourism?","volume":"22","author":"Niewiadomski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tour. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1300\/J073v19n02_12","article-title":"Tourism crises and disasters: Enhancing understanding of system effects","volume":"19","author":"Scott","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Travel Tour. Mark."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2020.104164","article-title":"The coronavirus pandemic\u2013A critical discussion of a tourism research agenda","volume":"81","author":"Zenker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Fox, L. (2023, March 22). Airbnb\u2019s Brian Chesky on permanent shifts in travel and need for principles in a crisis. PhocusWire 2021, January 18. Available online: https:\/\/www.phocuswire.com\/Airbnb-travel-trends-and-crises."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2022.104688","article-title":"The choice between business travel and video conferencing after COVID-19\u2013Insights from a choice experiment among frequent travelers","volume":"96","author":"Wittmer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2022.04.002","article-title":"Work from home in the post-COVID world","volume":"10","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Robinson, B. (2023, March 22). Remote Work Is Here to Stay and Will Increase into 2023, Experts Say. Forbes 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/bryanrobinson\/2022\/02\/01\/remote-work-is-here-to-stay-and-will-increase-into-2023-experts-say."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2022.03.026","article-title":"Do teleworkers travel less? Evidence from the English National Travel Survey","volume":"159","author":"Caldarola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2022.103390","article-title":"Work flexibly, travel less? The impact of telework and flextime on mobility behavior in Switzerland","volume":"102","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/14616688.2020.1759134","article-title":"Transforming the (tourism) world for good and (re)generating the potential \u2018new normal\u2019","volume":"22","author":"Ateljevic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tour. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koens, K., Postma, A., and Papp, B. (2018). Is Overtourism Overused? Understanding the Impact of Tourism in a City Context. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10124384"},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Milano, C. (2017). Overtourism and Tourismphobia: Global Trends and Local Contexts, Ostelea School of Tourism & Hospitality."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.13060\/23362839.2020.7.2.514","article-title":"Short-term Rentals, Housing Markets and COVID-19: Theoretical Considerations and Empirical Evidence from Four Austrian Cities","volume":"7","author":"Kadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Hous. Anal."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1108\/IJTC-04-2020-0080","article-title":"The end of over-tourism? Opportunities in a post-COVID-19 world","volume":"6","author":"Koh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Tour. Cities"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2020.102961","article-title":"COVID-19 and Airbnb\u2013Disrupting the Disruptor","volume":"83","author":"Dolnicar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"211","article-title":"Tourist Apartments, COVID-19, And Platform Capitalism","volume":"55","year":"2020","journal-title":"Finisterra"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"221","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic impact upon housing brokers\u2019 workflow and their clients\u2019 attitude: Real estate market in Krakow","volume":"8","author":"Marona","year":"2020","journal-title":"Entrep. Bus. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2022.103912","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on the short-term rental market in Spain: Towards flexibilisation?","volume":"130","author":"Sequera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1080\/10548408.2014.933154","article-title":"Hospitality and Tourism Online Reviews: Recent Trends and Future Directions","volume":"32","author":"Schuckert","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Travel Tour. Mark."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2022.104658","article-title":"Travel shaming? Rethinking travel decision making amid a global pandemic","volume":"94","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCTHR-02-2021-0035","article-title":"The impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on tourists\u2019 personal prestige\u2013an experimental study","volume":"16","author":"Kuhn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Cult. Tour. Hosp. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adamiak, C., Szyda, B., Dubownik, A., and Garc\u00eda-\u00c1lvarez, D. (2019). Airbnb Offer in Spain\u2014Spatial Analysis of the Pattern and Determinants of Its Distribution. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8030155"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1080\/15022250.2022.2059563","article-title":"Exploring relative resilience of Airbnb and hotel industry to risks and external shocks","volume":"22","author":"Medeiros","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand. J. Hosp. Tour."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Sanford, W., and DuBois, D. (2020). COVID-19 Impact on Hotels and Short-Term Rentals, AirDNA. Available online: https:\/\/airdna-website-reports.s3.amazonaws.com\/documentation\/Hotels+vs+Short+Term+Rentals.pdf."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Ali, R. (2023, March 22). How Domestic Travel & Long-Term Stays Saved Airbnb in Pandemic Era. Skift.com. Available online: https:\/\/skift.com\/2020\/11\/16\/how-domestic-travel-long-term-stays-saved-airbnb-in-pandemic-era\/."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aharon, D.Y., Jacobi, A., Cohen, E., Tzur, J., and Qadan, M. (2021). COVID-19, government measures and hospitality industry performance. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255819"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2023.104738","article-title":"The pricing of European airbnb listings during the pandemic: A difference-in-differences approach employing COVID-19 response strategies as a continuous treatment","volume":"97","author":"Milone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2021.09.010","article-title":"COVID-19-related government interventions and travel and leisure stock","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103121","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from vacation rentals in twelve mega cities","volume":"74","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/12\/4\/139\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:02:32Z","timestamp":1760122952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/12\/4\/139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi12040139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi12040139","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]}}}