{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T18:14:35Z","timestamp":1785348875684,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 62071279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 62071279"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 41930535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 41930535"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 2019TDJH103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2019TDJH103"]}]},{"name":"the SDUST Research Fund","award":["No. 62071279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 62071279"]}]},{"name":"the SDUST Research Fund","award":["No. 41930535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 41930535"]}]},{"name":"the SDUST Research Fund","award":["No. 2019TDJH103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2019TDJH103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The particle system is widely used in vector field feature visualization due to its dynamics and simulation. However, there are some defects of the vector field visualization method based on the Euler fields, such as unclear feature expression and discontinuous temporal expression, so the method cannot effectively express the characteristics of wind field on the temporal scale. We propose a Lagrangian visualization method based on spatio-temporal interpolation to solve these problems, which realizes the fusion and expression of the particle system and the time-varying wind data based on the WebGL shader. Firstly, the linear interpolation algorithm is used to interpolate to obtain continuous and dense wind field data according to the wind field data at adjacent moments. Then, we introduce the Lagrangian analysis method to study the structure of the wind field and optimize the visualization effect of the particle system based on Runge\u2013Kutta algorithms. Finally, we adopt the nonlinear color mapping method with double standard deviation (2SD) to improve the expression effect of wind field features. The experimental results indicate that the wind visualization achieves a comprehensive visual effect and the rendering frame rate is greater than 45. The methods can render the particles smoothly with stable and outstanding uniformity when expressing continuous spatio-temporal dynamic visualization characteristics of the wind field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12040146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T01:05:26Z","timestamp":1680138326000},"page":"146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Spatio-Temporal Dynamic Visualization Method of Time-Varying Wind Fields Based on Particle System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lele","family":"Chu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yubo","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Sea Information Center, State Oceanic Administration, Guangzhou 510310, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingtong","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Yuehai Information Service Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huadong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Sea Information Center, State Oceanic Administration, Guangzhou 510310, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Yuehai Information Service Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Shi, L. 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