{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:01:31Z","timestamp":1760148091256,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Excellent Youth Foundation of Henan Municipal Natural Science Foundation","award":["212300410096","221100211000-03","2018YFB0505304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212300410096","221100211000-03","2018YFB0505304"]}]},{"name":"Management of Major Science and Technology Program of Henan Province","award":["212300410096","221100211000-03","2018YFB0505304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212300410096","221100211000-03","2018YFB0505304"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Plan of China","award":["212300410096","221100211000-03","2018YFB0505304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212300410096","221100211000-03","2018YFB0505304"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To understand the complex phenomena in social space and monitor the dynamic changes in people\u2019s tracks, we need more cross-scale data. However, when we retrieve data, we often ignore the impact of multi-scale, resulting in incomplete results. To solve this problem, we proposed a management method of multi-granularity dimensions for spatiotemporal data. This method systematically described dimension granularity and the fuzzy caused by dimension granularity, and used multi-scale integer coding technology to organize and manage multi-granularity dimensions, and realized the integrity of the data query results according to the correlation between the different scale codes. We simulated the time and band data for the experiment. The experimental results showed that: (1) this method effectively solves the problem of incomplete query results of the intersection query method. (2) Compared with traditional string encoding, the query efficiency of multiscale integer encoding is twice as high. (3) The proportion of different dimension granularity has an impact on the query effect of multi-scale integer coding. When the proportion of fine-grained data is high, the advantage of multi-scale integer coding is greater.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12040148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T01:37:02Z","timestamp":1680226622000},"page":"148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Management Method of Multi-Granularity Dimensions for Spatiotemporal Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2182-7819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geoscience and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geoscience and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaochong","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianfei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geoscience and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feilin","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhongke Yungu Technology Co., Ltd., Changsha 410000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuzhen","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geoscience and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geoscience and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(17)61859-8","article-title":"Agricultural remote sensing big data: Management and applications","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2020.2975132","article-title":"Crowdsourcing in Remote Sensing: A Review of Applications and Future Directions","volume":"8","author":"Saralioglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Mag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/455028a","article-title":"Big data: How do your data grow?","volume":"455","author":"Clifford","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Spitzbart, B.D., Lynch, H.J., Turilli, M., and Jha, S. (2020). Practice and Experience in Advanced Research Computing, ACM."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Hidalgo, C. (2015). Why Information Grows, Penguin UK."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9037","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12871-5","article-title":"Scale, context, and heterogeneity: The complexity of the social space","volume":"12","author":"Menendez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2909-1","article-title":"The scales of human mobility","volume":"587","author":"Alessandretti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138995","article-title":"Early forecasting of the potential risk zones of COVID-19 in China\u2019s megacities","volume":"729","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141946","article-title":"Mapping community-level determinants of COVID-19 transmission in nursing homes: A multi-scale approach","volume":"752","author":"Sugg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"215","article-title":"Algebraic encoding scheme for aperture 3 hexagonal discrete global grid system. Science China","volume":"61","author":"Ben","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Chen, X., Tong, X., Zhang, X., and Cheng, C. (2022). An Information Fusion Model between GeoSOT Grid and Global Hexagonal Equal Area Grid. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11040265"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39815","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2906871","article-title":"A Geographic Meshing and Coding Method Based on Adaptive Hilbert-Geohash","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"620","article-title":"Hilbert Curve and Cassandra Based Indexing and Storing Approach for Large-Scale Spatiotemporal Data","volume":"46","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"331","article-title":"Research on Continuity of Multi-Scale Space-Filling Curves","volume":"54","author":"Zhai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Pekin."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2018.1530480","article-title":"Rapid retrieval strategy for massive remote sensing metadata based on GeoHash coding","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2020.03.010","article-title":"Global multi-scale grid integer coding and spatial indexing: A novel approach for big earth observation data","volume":"163","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diin.2012.05.010","article-title":"An analysis of Ext4 for digital forensics","volume":"9","author":"Fairbanks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Digit. Invest."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brumm, B. (2019). Beginning Oracle SQL for Oracle Database 18c: From Novice to Professional: Beginning Oracle SQL for Oracle Database 18c: From Novice to Professional, Apress.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-4430-2"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, L., Su, X., and Tai, X. (2021). A High-Dimensional Indexing Model for Multi-Source Remote Sensing Big Data. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13071314"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"11","article-title":"RS-ODMS: An Online Distributed Management and Service Framework for Remote Sensing Data","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, C., Du, X., Yan, Z., and Fan, X. (2020). ScienceEarth: A Big Data Platform for Remote Sensing Data Processing. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040607"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2021.3132899","article-title":"Axispot: A Distributed Spatiotemporal Data Management System for Digital Twins of Moving Objects","volume":"39","author":"Isomura","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Softw."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"139","article-title":"Object-Relational Modelling and Establishment of a Generic Database for the Management and Monitoring of Urban Planning Permissions in the City of El-Eulma (Algeria)","volume":"8","author":"Akakba","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Settl. Spat. Plan."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., Liu, J., Li, J., Xu, Y., and Pei, Y. (2019, January 17\u201319). Design of Fine Management System for Civil Aviation Airspace Resources Based on Spatiotemporal Grid Model. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 1st International Conference on Civil Aviation Safety and Information Technology (ICCASIT), Kunming, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCASIT48058.2019.8973205"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"66","article-title":"An Efficient Integer Coding and Computing Method for Multiscale Time Segment","volume":"45","author":"Tong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Et Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1980.11659","article-title":"Fuzzy sets versus probability","volume":"68","author":"Zadeh","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, L., Liang, Z., and Zhang, Y. (2008, January 26\u201328). A Fuzzy Temporal Model and Query Language for FTER Databases. Proceedings of the 2008 Eighth International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications, Kaohsuing, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISDA.2008.50"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"\u010eura\u010diov\u00e1, R., and Faixov\u00e1 Chalachanov\u00e1, J. (2018). Dynamics in GIscience, Springer."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153316","article-title":"Evaluation of trophic state for inland waters through combining Forel-Ule Index and inherent optical properties","volume":"820","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"4356957","article-title":"High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing Data Classification Method Based on Spectrum Sharing","volume":"2021","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Program."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, L., Li, T., Yuan, Y., and Katabi, D. (2020). In-Home Daily-Life Captioning Using Radio Signals. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58536-5_7"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, L., Li, T., Fang, R., Hristov, R., Yuan, Y., and Katabi, D. (2020, January 13\u201319). Learning Longterm Representations for Person Re-Identification Using Radio Signals. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Seattle, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.01071"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yonemoto, N., Kohmura, A., Futatsumori, S., Morioka, K., and Makita, Y. (2021, January 10\u201315). Passive Radio Imaging of Hybrid Radar System for Security Inspections. Proceedings of the 2020 17th European Radar Conference (EuRAD), Utrecht, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuRAD48048.2021.00103"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"18","article-title":"From Spectrum to Temporal Spectrum\u2014Research on Change Detection of Remote Sensing Time Series","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/12\/4\/148\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:07:45Z","timestamp":1760123265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/12\/4\/148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi12040148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi12040148","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]}}}