{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T17:19:53Z","timestamp":1764782393411,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32060317","21HQ07","2022JBBJ006","2018YJRC035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32060317","21HQ07","2022JBBJ006","2018YJRC035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Social Science Foundation","award":["32060317","21HQ07","2022JBBJ006","2018YJRC035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32060317","21HQ07","2022JBBJ006","2018YJRC035"]}]},{"name":"The Fundamental Research Funds for the Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["32060317","21HQ07","2022JBBJ006","2018YJRC035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32060317","21HQ07","2022JBBJ006","2018YJRC035"]}]},{"name":"The Initial Foundation of Scientific Research for the introduction of talents of Inner Mongolia Normal University","award":["32060317","21HQ07","2022JBBJ006","2018YJRC035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32060317","21HQ07","2022JBBJ006","2018YJRC035"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, environmental degradation and the COVID-19 pandemic have seriously affected economic development and social stability. Addressing the impact of major public health events on residents\u2019 willingness to pay for environmental protection (WTPEP) and analyzing the drivers are necessary for improving human well-being and environmental sustainability. We designed a questionnaire to analyze the change in residents\u2019 WTPEP before and during COVID-19 and an established ordinary least squares (OLS), spatial lag model (SLM), spatial error model (SEM), geographically weighted regression (GWR), and multiscale GWR to explore driver factors and scale effects of WTPEP based on the theory of environment Kuznets curve (EKC). The results show that (1) WTPEP is 0\u201320,000 yuan before COVID-19 and 0\u201350,000 yuan during COVID-19. Residents\u2019 WTPEP improved during COVID-19, which indicates that residents\u2019 demand for an ecological environment is increasing; (2) The shapes and inflection points of the relationships between income and WTPEP are spatially heterogeneous before and during COVID-19, but the northern WTPEP is larger than southern, which indicates that there is a spatial imbalance in WTPEP; (3) Environmental degradation, health, environmental quality, and education are WTPEP\u2019s significant macro-drivers, whereas income, age, and gender are significant micro-drivers. Those factors can help policymakers better understand which factors are more suitable for macro or micro environmental policy-making and what targeted measures could be taken to solve the contradiction between the growing ecological environment demand of residents and the spatial imbalance of WTPEP in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12040163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T01:35:08Z","timestamp":1681263308000},"page":"163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Driving Factors and Scale Effects of Residents\u2019 Willingness to Pay for Environmental Protection under the Impact of COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0821-6100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongkun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7823-6449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaofeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Institute of Historical Environment and Socio-Economic Development, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4105-5350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yajuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"},{"name":"Northwest Institute of Historical Environment and Socio-Economic Development, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4747-9816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huyang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}]},{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China"}]},{"given":"Zhenwei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gr.2021.12.014","article-title":"COVID-19 and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Scenario analysis through fuzzy cognitive map modeling","volume":"114","author":"Ameli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gondwana Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24365-5","article-title":"Associations between dimensions of behaviour, personality traits, and mental-health during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom","volume":"12","author":"Hampshire","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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