{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T07:48:09Z","timestamp":1770709689299,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42001354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001354"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42050103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42050103"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LGG22D010001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGG22D010001"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LQ19D010011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ19D010011"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LY18G010005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY18G010005"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LY17G020025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY17G020025"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["Y202147381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y202147381"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["18YJA630030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18YJA630030"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["21YJA630054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21YJA630054"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["17NDJC262YB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17NDJC262YB"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["19NDJC240YB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19NDJC240YB"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["42001354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001354"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["42050103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42050103"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["LGG22D010001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGG22D010001"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["LQ19D010011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ19D010011"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["LY18G010005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY18G010005"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["LY17G020025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY17G020025"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["Y202147381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y202147381"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["18YJA630030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18YJA630030"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["21YJA630054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21YJA630054"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["17NDJC262YB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17NDJC262YB"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["19NDJC240YB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19NDJC240YB"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008867","name":"Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42001354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001354"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008867","name":"Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42050103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42050103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008867","name":"Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LGG22D010001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGG22D010001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008867","name":"Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LQ19D010011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ19D010011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008867","name":"Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LY18G010005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY18G010005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008867","name":"Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LY17G020025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY17G020025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008867","name":"Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Y202147381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y202147381"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008867","name":"Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18YJA630030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18YJA630030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008867","name":"Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21YJA630054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21YJA630054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008867","name":"Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17NDJC262YB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17NDJC262YB"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008867","name":"Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19NDJC240YB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19NDJC240YB"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Humanity and Social Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China","award":["42001354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001354"]}]},{"name":"Humanity and Social Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China","award":["42050103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42050103"]}]},{"name":"Humanity and Social Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China","award":["LGG22D010001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGG22D010001"]}]},{"name":"Humanity and Social Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China","award":["LQ19D010011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ19D010011"]}]},{"name":"Humanity and Social Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China","award":["LY18G010005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY18G010005"]}]},{"name":"Humanity and Social Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China","award":["LY17G020025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY17G020025"]}]},{"name":"Humanity and Social Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China","award":["Y202147381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y202147381"]}]},{"name":"Humanity and Social Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China","award":["18YJA630030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18YJA630030"]}]},{"name":"Humanity and Social Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China","award":["21YJA630054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21YJA630054"]}]},{"name":"Humanity and Social Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China","award":["17NDJC262YB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17NDJC262YB"]}]},{"name":"Humanity and Social Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China","award":["19NDJC240YB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19NDJC240YB"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Program of China","award":["42001354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001354"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Program of China","award":["42050103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42050103"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Program of China","award":["LGG22D010001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGG22D010001"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Program of China","award":["LQ19D010011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ19D010011"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Program of China","award":["LY18G010005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY18G010005"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Program of China","award":["LY17G020025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY17G020025"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Program of China","award":["Y202147381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y202147381"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Program of China","award":["18YJA630030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18YJA630030"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Program of China","award":["21YJA630054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21YJA630054"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Program of China","award":["17NDJC262YB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17NDJC262YB"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Program of China","award":["19NDJC240YB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19NDJC240YB"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, the Chinese tourism industry has developed rapidly, leading to significant changes in the relationship between people and space patterns in scenic regions. To attract more tourists, the surrounding environment of a scenic region is usually well developed, attracting a large number of human activities, which creates a cognitive range for the scenic region. From the perspective of tourism, tourists\u2019 perceptions of the region in which tourist attractions are located in a city usually differ from the objective region of the scenic spots. Among them, social media serves as an important medium for tourists to share information about scenic spots and for potential tourists to learn scenic spot information, and it interacts to influence people\u2019s perceptions of the destination image. Extracting the names of tourist attractions from social media data and exploring their spatial distribution patterns is the basis for research on the cognitive region of tourist attractions. This study takes Hangzhou, a well-known tourist city in China, as a case study to explore the human cognitive region of its popular scenic spots. First, we propose a Chinese tourist attraction name extraction model based on RoBERTa-BiLSTM-CRF to extract the names of tourist attractions from social media data. Then, we use a multi-distance spatial clustering method called Ripley\u2019s K to filter the extracted tourist attraction names. Finally, we combine road network data and polygons generated using the chi-shape algorithm to construct the vague cognitive regions of each scenic spot. The results show that the classification indicators of our proposed tourist attraction name extraction model are significantly better than those of previous toponym extraction models and algorithms (precision = 0.7371, recall = 0.6926, F1 = 0.7141), and the extracted vague cognitive regions of tourist attractions also generally conform to people\u2019s habitual cognition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12050196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T09:26:13Z","timestamp":1683883573000},"page":"196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Deep Transfer Learning Toponym Extraction and Geospatial Clustering Framework for Investigating Scenic Spots as Cognitive Regions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6341-1403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengkun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiajun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junwei","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8175-264X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongjiu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5304-3010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forestry Intelligent Monitoring and Information Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Forestry Sensing Technology and Intelligent Equipment, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2011-9602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingyu","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forestry Intelligent Monitoring and Information Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Forestry Sensing Technology and Intelligent Equipment, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Ocean Academy, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7635-7266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liuchang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forestry Intelligent Monitoring and Information Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Forestry Sensing Technology and Intelligent Equipment, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310063, China"},{"name":"Financial Big Data Research Institute, Sunyard Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287521997572","article-title":"First-time versus repeat tourism customer engagement, experience, and value cocreation: An empirical investigation","volume":"61","author":"Rather","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Travel Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1002\/jtr.2528","article-title":"Representing and evaluating the travel motivations of Pacific islanders","volume":"24","author":"Trupp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"012024","article-title":"Analysis of Clusters Number Effect Based on K-Means Method for Tourist Attractions Segmentation","volume":"Volume 2406","author":"Jauhari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1108\/GKMC-02-2021-0029","article-title":"Media Literacy and Social Media Information","volume":"71","author":"Shabani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Knowl. Mem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2022.101934","article-title":"Understanding temporal and spatial patterns of urban activities across demographic groups through geotagged social media data","volume":"100","author":"Niu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971974","DOI":"10.3389\/fdata.2022.971974","article-title":"Sharing social media data: The role of past experiences, attitudes, Sharing social media data: The role of past experiences, attitudes, norms, and perceived behavioral control","volume":"5","author":"Akdeniz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Big Data"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Devlin, J., Chang, M., Lee, K., and Toutanova, K. (2018). Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2020.101551","article-title":"Activity knowledge discovery: Detecting collective and individual activities with digital footprints and open source geographic data","volume":"85","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Xu, L., Yan, Z., and Wu, S. (2021). A GloVe-Based POI Type Embedding Model for Extracting and Identifying Urban Functional Regions. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10060372"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810701850547","article-title":"Modelling vague places with knowledge from the Web","volume":"22","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clough, P., and Pasley, R. (2010, January 18\u201319). Images and perceptions of neighbourhood extents. Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Geographic Information Retrieval, Zurich, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1145\/1722080.1722097"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1207\/S15427633SCC032&3_06","article-title":"Where\u2019s downtown? Behavioral methods for determining referents of vague spatial queries","volume":"3","author":"Montello","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spat. Cogn. Comput."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1145\/2047296.2047298","article-title":"Detecting geographical references in the form of place names and associated spatial natural language","volume":"3","author":"Leidner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sigspatial Spec."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1068\/a45571","article-title":"What\u2019s in a name? Place branding and toponymic commodification","volume":"46","author":"Medway","year":"2014","journal-title":"Env. Plann A"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"37","article-title":"Geocoding location expressions in Twitter messages: A preference learning method","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-019-0326-9","article-title":"A global database of historic and real-time flood events based on social media","volume":"6","author":"Jongman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKenzie, G., Liu, Z., Hu, Y., and Lee, M. (2018). Identifying urban neighborhood names through user-contributed online property listings. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7100388"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12599","article-title":"A name-led approach to profile urban places based on geotagged Twitter data","volume":"24","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2018.1458986","article-title":"A natural language processing and geospatial clustering framework for harvesting local place names from geotagged housing advertisements","volume":"33","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12510","article-title":"GeoTxt: A scalable geoparsing system for unstructured text geolocation","volume":"23","author":"Karimzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3389\/fdigh.2018.00002","article-title":"ensemble named entity recognition (ner): Evaluating ner Tools in the identification of Place names in historical corpora","volume":"5","author":"Won","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Digit. Humanit."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldana-Bobadilla, E., Molina-Villegas, A., Lopez-Arevalo, I., Reyes-Palacios, S., Mu\u00f1iz-Sanchez, V., and Arreola-Trapala, J. (2020). Adaptive Geoparsing Method for Toponym Recognition and Resolution in Unstructured Text. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12183041"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Davari, M., Kosseim, L., and Bui, T.D. (2019). Toponym Identification in Epidemiology Articles-A Deep Learning Approach. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.114855","article-title":"Geographic Named Entity Recognition and Disambiguation in Mexican News using word embeddings","volume":"176","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Zhang, X., Ye, P., and Du, M. (2018). Deep belief networks based toponym recognition for Chinese text. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7060217"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2021.1947507","article-title":"GazPNE: Annotation-free deep learning for place name extraction from microblogs leveraging gazetteer and synthetic data by rules","volume":"36","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12627","article-title":"NeuroTPR: A neuro-net toponym recognition model for extracting locations from social media messages","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cadorel, L., Blanchi, A., and Tettamanzi, A.G. (2021, January 2\u20133). Geospatial Knowledge in Housing Advertisements: Capturing and Extracting Spatial Information from Text. Proceedings of the 11th on Knowledge Capture Conference, Virtual.","DOI":"10.1145\/3460210.3493547"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kew, T., Shaitarova, A., Meraner, I., Goldzycher, J., Clematide, S., and Volk, M. (2019, January 5). Geotagging a Diachronic Corpus of Alpine Texts: Comparing Distinct Approaches to Toponym Recognition. Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology for Digital Historical Archives in Conjuction with RANLP, Varna, Bulgaria.","DOI":"10.26615\/978-954-452-059-5_003"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-022-00775-x","article-title":"Few-shot learning for name entity recognition in geological text based on GeoBERT","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Inform."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s10109-022-00375-9","article-title":"Chinese toponym recognition with variant neural structures from social media messages based on BERT methods","volume":"24","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12902","article-title":"ChineseTR: A weakly supervised toponym recognition architecture based on automatic training data generator and deep neural network","volume":"26","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2020.101473","article-title":"GSAM: A deep neural network model for extracting computational representations of Chinese addresses fused with geospatial feature","volume":"81","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-021-1896-y","article-title":"A data-synthesis-driven method for detecting and extracting vague cognitive regions","volume":"31","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2017.1400549","article-title":"Generating vague neighbourhoods through data mining of passive web data","volume":"32","author":"Brindley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2014.900178","article-title":"Vague cognitive regions in geography and geographic information science","volume":"28","author":"Montello","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10109-018-0284-3","article-title":"Understanding the dynamics of urban regions of interest through volunteered geographic information","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akdag, F., Eick, C.F., and Chen, G. (2014, January 25\u201327). Creating polygon models for spatial clusters. Foundations of Intelligent Systems, In Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium, ISMIS 2014, Roskilde, Denmark.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08326-1_50"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2019.102561","article-title":"Investigating urban metro stations as cognitive places in cities using points of interest","volume":"97","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"102251","article-title":"Data-driven traffic zone division in smart city: Framework and technology","volume":"52","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Zhang, Z., and Liang, T. (2019). Assessing urban travel patterns: An analysis of traffic analysis zone-based mobility patterns. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11195452"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2017.04.010","article-title":"Extraction and analysis of city\u2019s tourism districts based on social media data","volume":"65","author":"Shao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, L., Mao, R., Zhang, C., Wang, Y., Zheng, X., Xue, X., and Xia, F. (2022). Deep Transfer Learning Model for Semantic Address Matching. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app121910110"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, X., and Huang, Z. (2017). A novel popular tourist attraction discovering approach based on geo-tagged social media big data. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6070216"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devkota, B., Miyazaki, H., Witayangkurn, A., and Kim, S.M. (2019). Using volunteered geographic information and nighttime light remote sensing data to identify tourism regions of interest. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11174718"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devkota, B., Miyazaki, H., and Pahari, N. (2019, January 13\u201314). Utilizing User Generated Contents to Describe Tourism Regions of Interest. Proceedings of the 2019 First International Conference on Smart Technology & Urban Development (STUD), Chiang Mai, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/STUD49732.2019.9018810"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karayazi, S.S., Dane, G., and Vries, B.D. (2021). Utilizing urban geospatial data to Understand heritage attractiveness in Amsterdam. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10040198"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maeda, T.N., Yoshida, M., Toriumi, F., and Ohashi, H. (2018). Extraction of tourist destinations and comparative analysis of preferences between foreign tourists and domestic tourists on the basis of geotagged social media data. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7030099"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du, J., Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., and Stoyanov, V. (2019). Roberta: A robustly optimized bert pretraining approach. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/gean.12300","article-title":"Ripley\u2019s K-function for network-constrained flow data","volume":"54","author":"Kan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsg.2022.104531","article-title":"Multiscale spatial analysis of fracture arrangement and pattern reconstruction using Ripley\u2019s K-function","volume":"155","author":"Shakiba","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Struct. Geol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2008.03.023","article-title":"Efficient generation of simple polygons for characterizing the shape of a set of points in the plane","volume":"41","author":"Duckham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2015.09.001","article-title":"Extracting and understanding urban regions of interest using geotagged photos","volume":"54","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/12\/5\/196\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:33:55Z","timestamp":1760124835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/12\/5\/196"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi12050196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi12050196","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]]}}}