{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T20:35:53Z","timestamp":1775680553349,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,13]],"date-time":"2023-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42172330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42172330"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The landslide early warning system (LEWS) relies on various models for data processing, prediction, forecasting, and warning level discrimination. The potential different programming implementations and dependencies of these models complicate the deployment and integration of LEWS. Moreover, the coupling between LEWS and models makes it hard to modify or replace models rapidly and dynamically according to changes in business requirements (such as updating the early warning business process, adjusting the model parameters, etc.). This paper proposes a framework for dynamic management and integration of models in LEWS by using WebAPIs and Docker to standardize model interfaces and facilitate model deployment, using Kubernetes and Istio to enable microservice architecture, dynamic scaling, and high availability of models, and using a model repository management system to manage and orchestrate model-related information and application processes. The results of applying this framework to a real LEWS demonstrate that our approach can support efficient deployment, management, and integration of models within the system. Furthermore, it provides a rapid and feasible implementation method for upgrading, expanding, and maintaining LEWS in response to changes in business requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12050198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T02:56:57Z","timestamp":1684119417000},"page":"198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Dynamic Management and Integration Framework for Models in Landslide Early Warning System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6859-6917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring (Ministry of Education), Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"},{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0729-1018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiqiu","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring (Ministry of Education), Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"},{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring (Ministry of Education), Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"},{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-018-1068-z","article-title":"Monitoring strategies for local landslide early warning systems","volume":"16","author":"Pecoraro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-020-01400-y","article-title":"Assessing the potential of soil moisture measurements for regional landslide early warning","volume":"17","author":"Wicki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-13-2659-2013","article-title":"Experiences from site-specific landslide early warning systems","volume":"13","author":"Michoud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. 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