{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:12:36Z","timestamp":1790071956791,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Reconstructing the Architecture System based on the Coherence Mechanism of \u201cArchitecture-human-environment\u201d in the Chinese Context, Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52038007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52038007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Reconstructing the Architecture System based on the Coherence Mechanism of \u201cArchitecture-human-environment\u201d in the Chinese Context, Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21567631H"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21567631H"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology R&amp;D Platform Construction Special Project of Hebei Province, China","award":["52038007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52038007"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology R&amp;D Platform Construction Special Project of Hebei Province, China","award":["21567631H"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21567631H"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a significant increase in e-commerce, which has prompted residents to shift their purchasing habits from offline to online. As a result, Smart Parcel Lockers (SPLs) have emerged as an accessible end-to-end delivery service that fits into the pandemic strategy of maintaining social distance and no-contact protocols. Although numerous studies have examined SPLs from various perspectives, few have analyzed their spatial distribution from an urban planning perspective, which could enhance the development of other disciplines in this field. To address this gap, we investigate the distribution of SPLs in Tianjin\u2019s central urban area before and after the pandemic (i.e., 2019 and 2022) using kernel density estimation, average nearest neighbor analysis, standard deviation elliptic, and geographical detector. Our results show that, in three years, the number of SPLs has increased from 51 to 479, and a majority were installed in residential communities (i.e., 92.2% in 2019, and 97.7% in 2022). We find that SPLs were distributed randomly before the pandemic, but after the pandemic, SPLs agglomerated and followed Tianjin\u2019s development pattern. We identify eight influential factors on the spatial distribution of SPLs and discuss their individual and compound effects. Our discussion highlights potential spatial distribution analysis, such as dynamic layout planning, to improve the allocation of SPLs in city planning and city logistics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12050203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T02:27:04Z","timestamp":1684204024000},"page":"203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Variations in the Spatial Distribution of Smart Parcel Lockers in the Central Metropolitan Region of Tianjin, China: A Comparative Analysis before and after COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mengyue","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9602-0900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadeem","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Grigoryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yike","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1449","article-title":"E-commerce trends during COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"13","author":"Bhatti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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