{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:09:10Z","timestamp":1760148550333,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CNR and Regione Lombardia\u2014Italy (2017\u20132019)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current practice of users searching for different types of geo-resources in a geographic area and wishing to identify the most convenient routes for visiting the most relevant ones, requires the iterative formulation of several queries: first to identify the more interesting resources and then to select the best route to visit them. In order to simplify this process, in this paper a novel functionality for a geographic information retrieval (GIR) system is proposed, which retrieves and ranks several routes for visiting a number of relevant georeferenced resources as a result of a single query, named flexible trip-planning query. An original retrieval model is defined to identify the relevant resources and to rank the most convenient routes by taking into account personal user preferences. To this end, a graph-based algorithm is defined, exploiting prioritized aggregation to optimize the routes\u2019 identification and ranking. The proposed algorithm is applied in the proof-of-concept of a Smart cOmmunity-based Geographic infoRmation rEtrievAl SysTem (SO-GREAT) designed to strengthen local communities: it collects and manages open data from regional authorities describing categories of authoritative territorial resources and services, such as schools, hospitals, etc., and from volunteered geographic services (VGSs) created by citizens to offer services in their neighbourhood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12050204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T01:52:41Z","timestamp":1684288361000},"page":"204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Flexible Trip-Planning Queries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6775-753X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria","family":"Bordogna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR IREA, Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Carrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR IREA, Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Frigerio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR IREA, Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Lella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR IREA, Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, February 28). Available online: www.searchenginewatch.com\/2014\/05\/07\/google-local-searches-lead-50-of-mobile-users-to-visit-stores-study\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2023, February 28). Available online: https:\/\/nextdoor.com\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810701626343","article-title":"Geographical information retrieval (editorial article)","volume":"22","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1561\/1500000034","article-title":"Geographic Information Retrieval: Progress and Challenges in Spatial Search of Text","volume":"12","author":"Purves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Found. Trends Inf. Retr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23625","article-title":"Assessing geographic relevance for mobile search: A computational model and its validation via crowdsourcing","volume":"67","author":"Reichenbacher","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2023, February 28). Available online: www.openstreetmap.org\/about."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Bordogna, G., Frigerio, L., and Rampini, A. (April, January 30). Retrieval of visiting paths through relevant resources and services for enabling smart communities. Proceedings of the 35th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, Brno, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Huang, Y.W., Jing, N., and Rundensteiner, E.A. (1997, January 7\u201311). Integrated query processing strategies for spatial path queries. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Data Engineering, Birmingham, UK."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fss.2011.04.005","article-title":"Geographic information retrieval: Modeling uncertainty of user\u2019s context","volume":"196","author":"Bordogna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bordogna, G., Bovenzi, G., Ghisalberti, G., and Psaila, G. (2009, January 15\u201318). Uncertainty Reduction in Location-Based Retrieval of Georeferenced Web Resources by Moving Users. Proceedings of the Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology, IEEE\/WIC\/ACM International Conference, Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/WI-IAT.2009.253"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Medeiros, C.B., Egenhofer, M., and Bertino, E. (2005). Advances in Spatial and Temporal Databases, LNCS 3633, Springer."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Doherty, A.R., Gurrin, C., Jones, G.J.F., and Smeaton, A.F. (2006, January 10). Retrieval of Similar Travel Routes Using GPS Tracklog Place Names. Proceedings of the SIGIR GIR\u201906, Seattle, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adelfio, M.D., and Samet, H. (2014, January 4\u20137). Itinerary Retrieval: Travelers, like Traveling Salesmen, Prefer Efficient Routes. Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGSPATIAL Workshop on Geographic Information Retrieval (GIR\u201914), Dallas, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2675354.2675355"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Yang, W., Dan, W., and Xie, Z. (2015, January 20\u201323). Keyword-aware dominant route search for various user preferences. Proceedings of the International Conference on Database Systems for Advanced Applications, Hanoi, Vietnam.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-18123-3_13"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Zeng, Y., Chen, X., Cao, X., Qin, S., Cavazza, M., and Xiang, Y. (2015, January 25\u201331). Optimal route search with the coverage of users\u2019 preferences. Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Buenos Aires, Argentina."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Cao, J., Guan, J., Yiu, M.L., and Zhou, S. (2016, January 3\u20135). Retrieving routes of interest over road networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Web-Age Information Management, Nanchang, China.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-39937-9_9"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2017.2721408","article-title":"Efficient Retrieval of Bounded-Cost Informative Routes","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sui, D.Z., Elwood, S., and Goodchild, M.F. (2013). Crowdsourcing Geographic Knowledge: Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) in Theory and Practice, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4587-2"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551506075333","article-title":"Geographic information retrieval in a mobile environment: Evaluating the needs of mobile individuals","volume":"33","author":"Mountain","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fss.2009.02.016","article-title":"Managing uncertainty in location-based queries","volume":"160","author":"Bordogna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petry, F.E. (1996). Fuzzy Databases, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-1319-9"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4379(89)90012-4","article-title":"FQUERY III+: A human-consistent database querying system based on fuzzy logic with linguistic quantifiers","volume":"14","author":"Kacprzyk","year":"1989","journal-title":"Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motro, A., and Smets, P. (1997). Uncertainty Management in Information Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-6245-0"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thulasiraman, K., and Swamy, M.N.S. (1992). Graphs: Theory and Algorithms, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118033104"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2011.07.001","article-title":"Multidimensional relevance: Prioritized aggregation in a personalized Information Retrieval setting","volume":"48","author":"Pereira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2007.08.009","article-title":"Prioritized Aggregation operators","volume":"48","author":"Yager","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Approx. Reason."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Bordogna, G., and Psaila, G. (2004). Flexible Querying Answering Systems, Springer."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Hu, Q., Liu, Q., Wang, X., Tung, A.K.H., Goyal, S., and Yang, J. (June, January 31). DocRicher: An Automatic Annotation System for TextDocuments Using Social Media. Proceedings of the SIGMOD\/PODS\u201915: International Conference on Management of Data, Melbourne, Australia."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2023, February 28). Available online: https:\/\/lucene.apache.org\/core\/."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2023, February 28). Available online: https:\/\/developer.twitter.com."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2023, February 28). Available online: https:\/\/ionicframework.com\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2023, February 28). Available online: https:\/\/www.mongodb.com\/."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/12\/5\/204\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:36:24Z","timestamp":1760124984000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/12\/5\/204"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi12050204"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi12050204","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]}}}