{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T06:28:21Z","timestamp":1784183301518,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009103","name":"Education Bureau of Shaanxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22JE005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JE005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009103","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a causal interaction between urban rail passenger flow and the station-built environment. Analyzing the implicit relationship can help clarify rail transit operations or improve the land use planning of the station. However, to characterize the built environment around the station area, existing literature generally adopts classification factors in broad categories with strong subjectivity, and the research results are often shown to have case-specific applicability. Taking 154 stations on 8 rail transit lines in Xi\u2019an, China, as an example, this paper uses the data sources of multiple open platforms, such as web map spatial data, mobile phone data, and price data on house purchasing and renting, then combines urban land classification in the China Urban Land Classification and Planning and Construction La1d Standard to classify the land use in the station area using structural hierarchy. On the basis of extracting fine-grained factors of the built environment, a semi-parametric Geographically Weighted Poisson Regression (sGWPR) model is used to analyze the correlation and influence between the variation of passenger flow and environmental factors. The results show that the area of Class II residential land (called R2) is the basis for generating passenger flow demand during morning and evening peak periods; The connection intensity between rail transit station area and bus services has a significant impact on commuters\u2019 utilization level of urban rail transit. Furthermore, two scenarios in practical applications will be provided as guidance according to the research results. This study provides a general analytical framework using urban multi-source data to study the internal relationship and impact between the built environment of urban rail transit stations and passenger flow demand.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12060218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T16:16:04Z","timestamp":1685204164000},"page":"218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Revealing the Influence of the Fine-Scale Built Environment on Urban Rail Ridership with a Semiparametric GWPR Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jianpo","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teng","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lantian County Natural Resources and Planning Bureau, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qushun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2012). Code for Classification of Urban Land Use and Planning Standards of Development Land. Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People\u2019s Republic of China (Standard No. GB 50137-2011)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2016.10.031","article-title":"The built environment and travel behavior in urban China: A literature review","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-018-9928-x","article-title":"Spatio-temporal analysis of rail station ridership determinants in the built environment","volume":"46","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2010.05.001","article-title":"Factors generating boardings at metro stations in the Seoul metropolitan area","volume":"27","author":"Sohn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2018.03.001","article-title":"A geographically and temporally weighted regression model to explore the spatiotemporal influence of built environment on transit ridership","volume":"70","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2019.102580","article-title":"The varying patterns of rail transit ridership and their relationships with fine-scale built environment factors: Big data analytics from Guangzhou","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2019.102631","article-title":"Spatially varying impacts of built environment factors on rail transit ridership at station level: A case study in Guangzhou, China","volume":"82","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2003.10.006","article-title":"Factors influencing light-rail station boardings in the United States","volume":"38","author":"Kuby","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2010.06.002","article-title":"Rail-based transit-oriented development: Lessons from New York City and Hong Kong","volume":"97","author":"Loo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2020.102699","article-title":"A new zone system to analyze the spatial relationships between the built environment and traffic safety","volume":"84","author":"Obelheiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2014.03.013","article-title":"Exploring the impacts of land use by service coverage and station-level accessibility on rail transit ridership","volume":"36","author":"Sung","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1080\/10095020.2021.1996212","article-title":"Exploring metro vibrancy and its relationship with built environment: A cross-city comparison using multi-source urban data","volume":"25","author":"Tu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geo-Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04021010","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000613","article-title":"Subway Ridership: Accounting for Regional Variation across Land-Use and Socioeconomic Settings","volume":"27","author":"Volovski","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infrastruct. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2022.04.003","article-title":"Identify impacting factor for urban rail ridership from built environment spatial heterogeneity","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2012.01.005","article-title":"Application of geographically weighted regression to the direct forecasting of transit ridership at station-level","volume":"34","author":"Cardozo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"7542560","article-title":"Spatially Varying Relation between Built Environment and Station-Level Subway Passenger-Distance","volume":"2022","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adv. Transp."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"25","article-title":"Spatial characteristics of urban rail transit passenger flows and fine-scale built environment","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transp. Syst. Eng. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2129","article-title":"Geographically weighted Poisson regression for disease association mapping","volume":"24","author":"Nakaya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106230","article-title":"Geographically weighted poisson regression under linear model of coregionalization assistance: Application to a bicycle crash study","volume":"159","author":"Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2021.103172","article-title":"Examining the spatial-temporal relationship between urban built environment and taxi ridership: Results of a semi-parametric GWPR model","volume":"96","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"70","article-title":"How does the station-area built environment influence Metrorail ridership? Using gradient boosting decision trees to identify non-linear thresholds","volume":"77","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transp."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2020.102865","article-title":"A geographically weighted regression model to examine the spatial variation of the socioeconomic and land-use factors associated with Strava bike activity in Austin, Texas","volume":"88","author":"Munira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2013.07.002","article-title":"What influences Metro station ridership in China? Insights from Nanjing","volume":"35","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2015.08.002","article-title":"Land use characteristics of subway catchment areas and their influence on subway ridership in Seoul","volume":"48","author":"Jun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2019.05.013","article-title":"Understanding the impact of built environment on metro ridership using open source in Shanghai","volume":"93","author":"An","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Cheng, J., and Jin, C. (2019). Spatial interaction modeling of OD flow data: Comparing geographically weighted negative binomial regression (GWNBR) and OLS (GWOLSR). ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8050220"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2016.11.011","article-title":"Understanding job-housing relationship and commuting pattern in Chinese cities: Past, present and future","volume":"52","author":"Ta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D: Transp. Environ."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/12\/6\/218\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:42:55Z","timestamp":1760125375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/12\/6\/218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi12060218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi12060218","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]}}}