{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:12:30Z","timestamp":1760148750298,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42271486","42101438","21YJCZH151","20YJC790055","2022JJ30391","2020JJ5051","kq2009017","CX20210477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271486","42101438","21YJCZH151","20YJC790055","2022JJ30391","2020JJ5051","kq2009017","CX20210477"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Humanity and Social Science Youth foundation of Ministry of Education of China","award":["42271486","42101438","21YJCZH151","20YJC790055","2022JJ30391","2020JJ5051","kq2009017","CX20210477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271486","42101438","21YJCZH151","20YJC790055","2022JJ30391","2020JJ5051","kq2009017","CX20210477"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Province Natural Science Foundation, China","award":["42271486","42101438","21YJCZH151","20YJC790055","2022JJ30391","2020JJ5051","kq2009017","CX20210477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271486","42101438","21YJCZH151","20YJC790055","2022JJ30391","2020JJ5051","kq2009017","CX20210477"]}]},{"name":"Changsha City Outstanding Innovative Youth Training Program, China","award":["42271486","42101438","21YJCZH151","20YJC790055","2022JJ30391","2020JJ5051","kq2009017","CX20210477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271486","42101438","21YJCZH151","20YJC790055","2022JJ30391","2020JJ5051","kq2009017","CX20210477"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project of Hunan Province, China","award":["42271486","42101438","21YJCZH151","20YJC790055","2022JJ30391","2020JJ5051","kq2009017","CX20210477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271486","42101438","21YJCZH151","20YJC790055","2022JJ30391","2020JJ5051","kq2009017","CX20210477"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effective extraction of impervious surfaces is critical to monitor their expansion and ensure the sustainable development of cities. Open geographic data can provide a large number of training samples for machine learning methods based on remote-sensed images to extract impervious surfaces due to their advantages of low acquisition cost and large coverage. However, training samples generated from open geographic data suffer from severe sample imbalance. Although one-class methods can effectively extract an impervious surface based on imbalanced samples, most of the current one-class methods ignore the fact that an impervious surface comprises varied geographic objects, such as roads and buildings. Therefore, this paper proposes an object-oriented deep multi-sphere support vector data description (OODMSVDD) method, which takes into account the diversity of impervious surfaces and incorporates a variety of open geographic data involving OpenStreetMap (OSM), Points of Interest (POIs), and trajectory GPS points to automatically generate massive samples for model learning, thereby improving the extraction of impervious surfaces with varied types. The feasibility of the proposed method is experimentally verified with an overall accuracy of 87.43%, and its superior impervious surface classification performance is shown via comparative experiments. This provides a new, accurate, and more suitable extraction method for complex impervious surfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12060219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T16:16:04Z","timestamp":1685204164000},"page":"219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Object-Oriented Deep Multi-Sphere Support Vector Data Description Method for Impervious Surfaces Extraction Based on Multi-Sourced Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7346-3442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiliang","family":"Wan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"},{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Geospatial Big Data Mining and Application, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuwen","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"},{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Geospatial Big Data Mining and Application, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4594-7778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Planning, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"},{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Geospatial Big Data Mining and Application, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7570-3224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinguang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"},{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Geospatial Big Data Mining and Application, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Bank (2022, December 25). 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