{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:15:09Z","timestamp":1760148909329,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"he Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2020MD020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020MD020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traffic forecasting has always been an important part of intelligent transportation systems. At present, spatiotemporal graph neural networks are widely used to capture spatiotemporal dependencies. However, most spatiotemporal graph neural networks use a single predefined matrix or a single self-generated matrix. It is difficult to obtain deeper spatial information by only relying on a single adjacency matrix. In this paper, we present a progressive multi-graph convolutional network (PMGCN), which includes spatiotemporal attention, multi-graph convolution, and multi-scale convolution modules. Specifically, we use a new spatiotemporal attention multi-graph convolution that can extract extensive and comprehensive dynamic spatial dependence between nodes, in which multiple graph convolutions adopt progressive connections and spatiotemporal attention dynamically adjusts each item of the Chebyshev polynomial in graph convolutions. In addition, multi-scale time convolution was added to obtain an extensive and comprehensive dynamic time dependence from multiple receptive field features. We used real datasets to predict traffic speed and traffic flow, and the results were compared with a variety of typical prediction models. PMGCN has the smallest Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) results under different horizons (H = 15 min, 30 min, 60 min), which shows the superiority of the proposed model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12060241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T08:56:01Z","timestamp":1686905761000},"page":"241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["PMGCN: Progressive Multi-Graph Convolutional Network for Traffic Forecasting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zhenxin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2673-8217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"given":"Zhixian","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Real Estate Registration Center, Qingdao 266002, China"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, Y., and Deng, L. 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