{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T15:43:44Z","timestamp":1781797424729,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52072212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52072212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020GXRC029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020GXRC029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the project of \u201c20 items of colleges and universities\u201d from Jinan City","award":["52072212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52072212"]}]},{"name":"the project of \u201c20 items of colleges and universities\u201d from Jinan City","award":["2020GXRC029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020GXRC029"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a type of mobile ad hoc network that forms a unified wireless communication network between vehicles and roadside nodes. Roadside units (RSUs), as the infrastructure and key component of VANETs, play a critical role in improving the performance of VANETs. Their deployment can effectively improve the communication performance of the network. The goal of the RSU deployment (RSUD) problem is to install as few RSUs as possible on both sides of roads or intersections so that they can cover most areas and achieve better communication performance. This paper proposes a multi-objective optimization model to solve the RSUD problem using the characteristics of RSUDs on urban roads. Our optimized target includes three performance indicators, which are the deployment cost of RSUs, their coverage area, and communications. Since these three indicators cannot achieve consensus, this paper proposes a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm, the NSGA-II Pareto optimal solution, to solve the RSUD problem. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the multi-objective model and method. Finally, we present an experiment featuring RSU deployment that is based on a real traffic environment and uses OpenStreetMap; this experiment proves that our proposed method is practical.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12070262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:42:46Z","timestamp":1688344966000},"page":"262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Multi-Objective Roadside Unit Deployment Model for an Urban Vehicular Ad Hoc Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Liangjie","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China"},{"name":"Institute of Automation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7071-4792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zihui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Automation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Computing Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Automation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yousefi, S., Mousavi, M.S., and Fathy, M. (2007, January 6\u20138). Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs): Challenges and Perspectives. Proceedings of the International Conference on ITS Telecommunications, Sophia Antipolis, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITST.2006.289012"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"540","article-title":"Realistic heterogeneous genetic-based RSU placement solution for V2I networks","volume":"16","author":"Khalil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Arab J. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"In-Network Aggregation for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"99","author":"Dietzel","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Liu, Y.F. (2018). Research and Design of RSU Deployment Plan in Urban, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., Jia, Z., and Xie, G. (2018). Delay-bounded and cost-limited RSU deployment in urban vehicular ad hoc networks. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18092764"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"4200","article-title":"A New Comprehensive RSU Installation Strategy for Cost-Efficient VANET Deployment","volume":"66","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MITS.2013.2253159","article-title":"Road Side Unit Deployment: A Density-Based Approach","volume":"5","author":"Barrachina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intell. Transp. Syst. Mag. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7317","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2665480","article-title":"Combining Capital and Operating Expenditure Costs in Vehicular Roadside Unit Placement","volume":"66","author":"Nikookaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7883","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2015.2418314","article-title":"Optimal Two-Lane Placement for Hybrid VANET-Sensor Networks","volume":"62","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Y., Lv, L., Yu, H., Yu, L., and Zhang, Z. (2020). A Center-Rule-Based Neighborhood Search Algorithm for Roadside Units Deployment in Emergency Scenarios. Mathematics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/math8101734"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2014.07.022","article-title":"GeoCover: An efficient sparse coverage protocol for RSU deployment over urban VANETs","volume":"24","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"78","article-title":"RSU deployment planning based on approximation algorithm in urban VANET","volume":"39","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizk, R., Daher, R., and Makkawi, A. (2014, January 6\u20138). RSUs Placement Using Overlap Based Greedy Method for Urban and Rural Roads. Proceedings of the 2014 7th International Workshop on Communication Technologies for Vehicles (Nets4Cars-Fall), St. Petersburg, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/Nets4CarsFall.2014.7000905"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"MPC: A RSUs deployment strategy for VANET","volume":"31","author":"Taoufik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2007.901869","article-title":"VADD: Vehicle-assisted data delivery in vehicular ad hoc networks","volume":"57","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehar, S., Senouci, S.M., and Kies, A. (2015, January 9\u201312). An Optimized Roadside Units (RSU) Placement for Delay-Sensitive Applications in Vehicular Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC 2015), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC.2015.7157957"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, P., Liu, Q., Huang, C., Wang, J., and Jia, X. (2015, January 8\u201312). Delay-Bounded Minimal Cost Placement of Roadside Units in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2015.7249375"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manuel, F., Julio, S., Francisco, M., and Johann, M.B. (2018). Improving Roadside Unit Deployment in Vehicular Networks by Exploiting Genetic Algorithms. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8010086"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jalooli, A., Min, S., and Xu, X. (2017, January 19\u201322). Delay Efficient Disconnected RSU Placement Algorithm for VANET Safety Applications. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2017.7925603"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massobrio, R., Bertinat, S., Nesmachnow, S., Toutouh, J., and Alba, E. (2015, January 13\u201316). Smart Placement of RSU for Vehicular Networks Using Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithms. Proceedings of the 2015 Latin America Congress on Computational Intelligence (LA-CCI), Curitiba, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/LA-CCI.2015.7435974"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.996017","article-title":"A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II","volume":"6","author":"Deb","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2007.892759","article-title":"MOEA\/D: A Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm Based on Decomposition","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2009.11.021","article-title":"Planning roadside infrastructure for information dissemination in intelligent transportation systems","volume":"33","author":"Trullols","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000544","article-title":"Modeling the Effects of Rainfall Intensity on Traffic Speed, Flow, and Density Relationships for Urban Roads","volume":"139","author":"Lam","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2008.80","article-title":"OpenStreetMap: User-Generated Street Maps","volume":"7","author":"Haklay","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Comput."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20113","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2897348","article-title":"Self-generated OSM-based driving corridors","volume":"7","author":"Godoy","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/12\/7\/262\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:04:39Z","timestamp":1760126679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/12\/7\/262"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi12070262"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi12070262","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]}}}