{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T15:22:17Z","timestamp":1783092137832,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,2]],"date-time":"2023-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/26222-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/26222-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["406494\/2018-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406494\/2018-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/26222-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/26222-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["406494\/2018-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406494\/2018-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel","award":["2019\/26222-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/26222-6"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel","award":["406494\/2018-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406494\/2018-5"]}]},{"name":"Minas Gerais Research Support Foundation","award":["2019\/26222-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/26222-6"]}]},{"name":"Minas Gerais Research Support Foundation","award":["406494\/2018-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406494\/2018-5"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Agricultural intensification practices have been adopted in the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado), mainly in the transition between Cerrado and the Amazon Forest, to increase productivity while reducing pressure for new land clearing. Due to the growing demand for more sustainable practices, more accurate information on geospatial monitoring is required. Remote sensing products and artificial intelligence models for pixel-by-pixel classification have great potential. Therefore, we developed a methodological framework with spectral indices (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), and Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI)) derived from the Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 (HLS) and machine learning algorithms (Random Forest (RF), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost)) to map agricultural intensification considering three hierarchical levels, i.e., temporary crops (level 1), the number of crop cycles (level 2), and the crop types from the second season in double-crop systems (level 3) in the 2021\u20132022 crop growing season in the municipality of Sorriso, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. All models were statistically similar, with an overall accuracy between 85 and 99%. The NDVI was the most suitable index for discriminating cultures at all hierarchical levels. The RF-NDVI combination mapped best at level 1, while at levels 2 and 3, the best model was XGBoost-NDVI. Our results indicate the great potential of combining HLS data and machine learning to provide accurate geospatial information for decision-makers in monitoring agricultural intensification, with an aim toward the sustainable development of agriculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12070263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:42:46Z","timestamp":1688344966000},"page":"263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Mapping Agricultural Intensification in the Brazilian Savanna: A Machine Learning Approach Using Harmonized Data from Landsat Sentinel-2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7777-2445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9dson Luis","family":"Bolfe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Agricultura Digital), Campinas 13083-886, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Geosciences, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-855, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2621-7745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taya Cristo","family":"Parreiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geosciences, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-855, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5504-9029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas Augusto Pereira da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU), Uberl\u00e2ndia 38408-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5760-556X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edson Eyji","family":"Sano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Cerrados), Planaltina 73301-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovana Maranh\u00e3o","family":"Bettiol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Cerrados), Planaltina 73301-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel de Castro","family":"Victoria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Agricultura Digital), Campinas 13083-886, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1296-0933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ieda Del\u2019Arco","family":"Sanches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research (INPE), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Eduardo","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Meio Ambiente), Jaguari\u00fana 13820-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2012.11.002","article-title":"Assessing Brazil\u2019s Cerrado Agricultural Miracle","volume":"38","author":"Rada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2011.08.007","article-title":"Analyzing the Agricultural Transition in Mato Grosso, Brazil, Using Satellite-Derived Indices","volume":"32","author":"Arvor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. 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