{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T13:44:44Z","timestamp":1768743884790,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42130103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42201504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NY221143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NY221143"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021VGE02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021VGE02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Research Start-up Foundation of Recruiting Talents of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","award":["42130103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130103"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Research Start-up Foundation of Recruiting Talents of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","award":["42201504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201504"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Research Start-up Foundation of Recruiting Talents of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","award":["NY221143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NY221143"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Research Start-up Foundation of Recruiting Talents of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","award":["2021VGE02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021VGE02"]}]},{"name":"Open Foundation of Key Lab of Virtual Geographic Environment of Ministry of Education","award":["42130103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130103"]}]},{"name":"Open Foundation of Key Lab of Virtual Geographic Environment of Ministry of Education","award":["42201504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201504"]}]},{"name":"Open Foundation of Key Lab of Virtual Geographic Environment of Ministry of Education","award":["NY221143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NY221143"]}]},{"name":"Open Foundation of Key Lab of Virtual Geographic Environment of Ministry of Education","award":["2021VGE02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021VGE02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a kind of first aid healthcare service, emergency medical services (EMSs) present high spatiotemporal sensitivity due to significant changes in the time-dependent urban environment. Taking full advantage of big spatiotemporal data to realize multiperiod relocation optimization of EMSs can reduce idle resources and improve service utilization efficiency and fairness. First, we established the dynamic time-dependent accessibility and equality model to formulate the multiperiod maximization objective of global equality. Second, we proposed a capacitated integer evolution algorithm that relocates emergency medical vehicles to optimize the scheduling scheme. Based on multiperiod mobile phone records and multiperiod online route planner data, the equality of EMSs in the research metropolis, Nanjing, China, rose by 41.5% on average, which has an incentivizing effect on alleviating the tension of prehospital service and minimizes accessibility disparities without constructing more infrastructure. We also created maps to visualize the changes in equality patterns over time. This relocation optimization approach can be regarded as a trade-off approach to dispatch time-dependent sensitive services and provide a practical tool for healthcare decision-makers to evaluate public healthcare systems and improve strategic urban service planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12070269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T00:41:27Z","timestamp":1688604087000},"page":"269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Spatiotemporal Data-Driven Multiperiod Relocation Optimization of Emergency Medical Services: Maximum Equality Objective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4759-8823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinxin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"College of Geographical Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Bingjie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"College of Geographical Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4225-9435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaoyuan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"College of Geographical Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2021.101745","article-title":"Equalizing the spatial accessibility of emergency medical services in Shanghai: A trade-off perspective","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. 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