{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:21:53Z","timestamp":1760149313392,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2020MD025","J18KA183","2014082","X21079Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020MD025","J18KA183","2014082","X21079Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Program for Colleges and Universities in Shandong Province","award":["ZR2020MD025","J18KA183","2014082","X21079Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020MD025","J18KA183","2014082","X21079Z"]}]},{"name":"Key Topics of Art and Science in Shandong Province","award":["ZR2020MD025","J18KA183","2014082","X21079Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020MD025","J18KA183","2014082","X21079Z"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Fund Projects in Shandong Jianzhu University","award":["ZR2020MD025","J18KA183","2014082","X21079Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020MD025","J18KA183","2014082","X21079Z"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Studying the development characteristics of the urban catering industry holds significant importance for understanding the spatial patterns of cities. In this manuscript, according to the characteristics of the distribution of catering points and based on catering point of interest (POI) data of 106 cities in China in 2016 and 2022, we propose the Natural Nearest Neighbor Single Branch Model (NNSBM) to identify catering points by adaptive clustering, which improves the efficiency of identifying catering clusters. Subsequently, a catering spatial structure division model is constructed to classify the spatial structure of catering clusters into 3 major categories and 17 subcategories, and the evolution pattern of urban catering clusters is analyzed. In addition, based on the population density raster data, a bivariate spatial autocorrelation model is employed to analyze the complex relationship between the distribution of urban catering clusters and population density, revealing the distinctive characteristics of urban catering cluster evolution. The results showed that (1) In the initial stage of catering cluster formation, catering activities tend to gather first in a specific area of the city, giving rise to the main catering cluster. However, as the catering industry progresses, the phenomenon of \u201ccentral fading\u201d occurs within the main catering cluster. (2) The overall trend of the catering spatial structure of most cities showed an evolution toward low primacy\u2013high concentration (Lp-Hc), and cities at different stages of catering capacity exhibited different evolution characteristics of catering clusters. (3) The influence of population density on catering distribution was staged, with a varying impact on cities with different types of catering spatial structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12080302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T07:35:24Z","timestamp":1690529724000},"page":"302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Evolution Characteristics and Causes\u2014An Analysis of Urban Catering Cluster Spatial Structure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Dongling","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baoze","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingji","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032668","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1032668","article-title":"Street centrality and vitality of a healthy catering industry: A case study of Jinan, China","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1080\/146166800750035530","article-title":"The geography of a tourist business: Hotel distribution and urban development in Xiamen, China","volume":"2","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tour. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Yu, G.Q. (2019). Blue Book of Catering Industry: Annual Report on Catering Industry Development of China (2019), Social Sciences Academic Press of China."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15447","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1903064116","article-title":"Predicting neighborhoods\u2019 socioeconomic attributes using restaurant data","volume":"116","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2013.12.008","article-title":"Self-organization of hexagonal agglomeration patterns in new economic geography models","volume":"99","author":"Ikeda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Econ. Behav. Organ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjt034","article-title":"Local economic development, agglomeration economies, and the big push: 100 years of evidence from the Tennessee Valley Authority","volume":"129","author":"Kline","year":"2014","journal-title":"Q. J. Econ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/cjres\/rsx024","article-title":"The revenge of the places that don\u2019t matter (and what to do about it)","volume":"11","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cambridge J. Reg. Econ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.100.3.1195","article-title":"What causes industry agglomeration? Evidence from coagglomeration patterns","volume":"100","author":"Ellison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2018.12.015","article-title":"Understanding urban sub-centers with heterogeneity in agglomeration economies\u2014Where do emerging commercial establishments locate?","volume":"86","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.2186","article-title":"Location strategies for agglomeration economies","volume":"35","author":"Chung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1191\/0309132504ph469oa","article-title":"Clusters and knowledge: Local buzz, global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation","volume":"28","author":"Bathelt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Hum. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1177\/0891242408325419","article-title":"Clusters and economic development outcomes: An analysis of the link between clustering and industry growth","volume":"22","author":"Feser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Econ. Dev. Q."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2018.08.008","article-title":"To cluster or not to cluster?: Understanding geographic clustering by restaurant segment","volume":"77","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2023.102898","article-title":"Spatio-temporal agglomeration and morphological causes of Shanghai catering clusters","volume":"152","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2021.07.036","article-title":"EnTruVe: ENergy and TRUst-aware Virtual Machine allocation in VEhicle fog computing for catering applications in 5G","volume":"126","author":"Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Future. Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.04.343","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of catering facilities based on POI data: A case study within 5th ring road in Beijing","volume":"131","author":"Lan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgfs.2020.100229","article-title":"Gastronomic tourism in Greece and beyond: A thorough review","volume":"21","author":"Pavlidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Gastron. Food. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/26437015.2021.1976081","article-title":"Ethnic enclaves in immigrant entrepreneurship: Korean immigrant entrepreneurship in Australia","volume":"3","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Int. Counc. Small Bus."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raj, V.A., Jasrotia, S.S., Rai, S.S., and Ansari, I.A. (2022). A Bibliometric Review of Organic Menus at Restaurants: Research Streams and Future Research Path. J. Qual. Assur. Hosp. Tour., 1\u201327.","DOI":"10.1080\/1528008X.2022.2146028"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"191","article-title":"Spatial distribution pattern of the catering industry in a tourist city: Taking Lhasa city as a case","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Resour. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"453","article-title":"Agglomeration economies and firm performance: The case of industry clusters","volume":"36","author":"Kukalis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1108\/10610429710190414","article-title":"The influence of brand recognition on retail store image","volume":"6","author":"Porter","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Prod. Brand Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Wang, S., Chen, H., Liu, L., Fu, T., and Yang, Y. (2022). Analysis of the characteristics and spatial pattern of the catering industry in the four central cities of the Yangtze River Delta. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11060321"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2012.07.008","article-title":"The spatial food environment of the DC metropolitan area: Clustering, co-location, and categorical differentiation","volume":"35","author":"Leslie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/0739456X14550401","article-title":"Location and agglomeration: The distribution of retail and food businesses in dense urban environments","volume":"34","author":"Sevtsuk","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Plan. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/jeg\/lbq010","article-title":"Clusters and entrepreneurship","volume":"10","author":"Delgado","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Econ. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1093\/jeg\/lbu040","article-title":"Cities and product variety: Evidence from restaurants","volume":"15","author":"Schiff","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Econ. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"547","article-title":"Factors driving consumer restaurant choice: An exploratory study from the Southeastern United States","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2017.07.005","article-title":"Understanding and projecting the restaurantscape: The influence of neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics on restaurant location","volume":"67","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.058040","article-title":"Associations of neighborhood characteristics with the location and type of food stores","volume":"96","author":"Moore","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-019-10072-8","article-title":"Consumer clusters detection with geo-tagged social network data using DBSCAN algorithm: A case study of the Pearl River Delta in China","volume":"86","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"33","article-title":"Similarities, Differences, and Clustering Features of the International Catering Industry in Chongqing City","volume":"30","author":"Huiquan","year":"2021","journal-title":"China City Plan. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6144048","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6144048","article-title":"The Impact of Road Functions on Road Congestions Based on POI Clustering: An Empirical Analysis in Xi\u2019an, China","volume":"2023","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adv. Transp."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, L., Yu, T., Wu, Y., and Wu, G. (2020). Rethinking the identification of urban centers from the perspective of function distribution: A framework based on point-of-interest data. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12041543"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"127","article-title":"Research on Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Zhanjiang Industrial Structure Based on POI Data Clustering","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Glob. Humanit. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Li, X., Yang, Y., and Xu, W. (2022). Correlation between Urban Commercial Nodes and the Development of Sci-Tech Enterprises in Hangzhou West High-Tech Corridor, China. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11112086"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2022.02.028","article-title":"The influence of the neighbourhood environment on peer-to-peer accommodations: A random forest regression analysis","volume":"51","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1017\/mor.2019.66","article-title":"\u2018Take the Essence, Discard the Dregs\u2019: A Perspective on Blockchain Technology in China","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Manag. Organ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Li, W., Zhang, F., Liu, R., and Du, Z. (2018). Identifying urban functional zones using public bicycle rental records and point-of-interest data. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7120459"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Shi, Y., and Zheng, J. (2021). Business Circle Identification and Spatio-temporal Characteristics in the Main Urban Area of Yiwu City Based on POI and Night-Time Light Data. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13245153"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"188","article-title":"Spatial expansion mode and its influencing factors of Starbucks in mainland of China","volume":"36","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Weber, A. (1929). Theory of the Location of Industries, University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3112\/erdkunde.1948.01.10","article-title":"Stellung und Bedeutung der Sozialgeographie","volume":"2","author":"Bobek","year":"1948","journal-title":"Erdkunde"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1426","article-title":"Urban spatial structure","volume":"36","author":"Anas","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Econ. Lit."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.oep.a041850","article-title":"Learning-by-doing, market structure and industrial and trade policies","volume":"40","author":"Dasgupta","year":"1988","journal-title":"Oxf. Econ. Pap."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11575-018-0369-8","article-title":"Formal and informal institutional differences between home and host country and location choice: Evidence from the Spanish Hotel Industry","volume":"59","author":"Chidlow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Manag. Int. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3985","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-023-10841-6","article-title":"Special economic zones location decision and quality of life in Ethiopia: The case of Bole Lemi-1 and Eastern Industry Zone","volume":"88","author":"Kumera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geojournal"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1080\/00343404.2018.1515481","article-title":"Time should tell (more): Evolutionary economic geography and the challenge of history","volume":"53","author":"Henning","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1080\/00343404.2015.1033178","article-title":"Evolutionary economic geography\u2013Theoretical and empirical progress","volume":"49","author":"Kogler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-021-02389-0","article-title":"Chameleon algorithm based on improved natural neighbor graph generating sub-clusters","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Intell."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, L., and Fan, S. (2017). CURE-SMOTE algorithm and hybrid algorithm for feature selection and parameter optimization based on random forests. BMC Bioinform., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-017-1578-z"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2017.2787640","article-title":"RNN-DBSCAN: A density-based clustering algorithm using reverse nearest neighbor density estimates","volume":"30","author":"Bryant","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"153","article-title":"A Novel Optimization Algorithm based on Stinging Behavior of bee","volume":"7","author":"Jayalakshmi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IAES Int. J. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1007\/s11749-018-0599-x","article-title":"Comparing implementations of global and local indicators of spatial association","volume":"27","author":"Bivand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Test"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Min, J., Liu, C., and Li, Y. (2021). Hotspot detection and spatiotemporal evolution of catering service grade in mountainous cities from the perspective of geo-information tupu. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10050287"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2021.103185","article-title":"Roles of locational factors in the rise and fall of restaurants: A case study of Beijing with POI data","volume":"113","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cities"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/12\/8\/302\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:21:28Z","timestamp":1760127688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/12\/8\/302"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi12080302"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi12080302","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2220-9964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]}}}