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Programme","award":["A77489"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A77489"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Digital Europe Programme","award":["101083680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101083680"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Increasing interest has recently been shown towards the digital twins of cities. These urban digital twins utilize 3D city models together with other data sources, such as open data, which can be accessed, e.g., through application programming interfaces (APIs). A large amount of open geospatial data is already available through various open data portals and APIs, such as REST and MQTT. Game engines, on the other hand, have been seen as highly potential platforms for urban digital twins, with recent development increasing the useability of geospatial data in game engines. This study explores the possibilities of game engines for urban digital twins by integrating and visualizing API-based open geospatial datasets with a 3D city model data set in a game engine environment. Three open data integration approaches are demonstrated, and the performance of these approaches is tested for urban digital twins. Based on the results, modern game engines offer a great platform for creating urban digital twin applications; however, some problems and limitations must be overcome before the use of geospatial data in game engines becomes feasible on a larger scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12080310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T01:48:50Z","timestamp":1690768130000},"page":"310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Open Geospatial Data Integration in Game Engine for Urban Digital Twin Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3781-7204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toni","family":"Rantanen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Built Environment, School of Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9887-1573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arttu","family":"Julin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Built Environment, School of Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juho-Pekka","family":"Virtanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forum Virium Helsinki, FI-00130 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2487-3159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannu","family":"Hyypp\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Built Environment, School of Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9907-0516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matti T.","family":"Vaaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Built Environment, School of Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Billen, R., Cutting-Decelle, A.F., Marina, O., de Almeida, J.P., Caglioni, M., Falquet, G., Leduc, T., M\u00e9tral, C., Moreau, G., and Perret, J. 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