{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T15:46:27Z","timestamp":1777218387589,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (CAPES PROAP\/AUXPE)","award":["2017TR1762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017TR1762"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (CAPES PROAP\/AUXPE)","award":["2019TR828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019TR828"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (CAPES PROAP\/AUXPE)","award":["313887\/2018-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313887\/2018-7"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (CAPES PROAP\/AUXPE)","award":["317538\/2021-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["317538\/2021-7"]}]},{"name":"FAPESC","award":["2017TR1762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017TR1762"]}]},{"name":"FAPESC","award":["2019TR828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019TR828"]}]},{"name":"FAPESC","award":["313887\/2018-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313887\/2018-7"]}]},{"name":"FAPESC","award":["317538\/2021-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["317538\/2021-7"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017TR1762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017TR1762"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019TR828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019TR828"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["313887\/2018-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313887\/2018-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["317538\/2021-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["317538\/2021-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydro-based morphological models are representations of the terrain related to the flow or storage of water in the landscape. However, their application in the context of an integrated environmental assessment has been scarcely explored in the literature, despite the well-known importance of water for ecosystems and land use planning. Here, we derive the HAND and TWI models, which present solid conceptual bases based on water\u2013landscape relationships from digital terrain models. We aim to present these models as useful representations in the environmental assessment of watersheds as they are relatively easy to generate and interpret. To this end, we applied these models in a Brazilian watershed and evaluated their spatial and reciprocal occurrence in the hydrological landscape through geographic entities and their spatial relationships with other landscape elements such as land use. We argue that HAND and TWI are simple hydrological-based models with robust premises that can reveal intrinsic relationships between relief parameters and water, providing new perspectives for the environmental assessment of small watersheds. Their outcomes have tremendous implications for land management initiatives. Our results show that geometric signatures of the TWI appeared through all the structural units of the hydrological landscape. The plateau areas were most prone to water accumulation\/soil saturation, followed by floodplains, hillslopes, and ecotones. Thus, there is a tendency for the greatest geometric signatures of water accumulation\/soil saturation entities to be located near the higher-order channels as well as the greatest geometric signatures of the floodplains. Agriculture and planted forests increased with distance, while the areas occupied by forest remnants tended to decrease within a range of up to 50 m from channels. However, they were also found within 50 m around the springs, whereas open fields, urban areas, and water bodies remained stable. We argue that HAND and TWI are simple hydrological-based models with robust premises that can reveal intrinsic relationships between the relief parameters and water, providing new perspectives for the environmental assessment of small watersheds whose outcomes have tremendous implications for land management initiatives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12080314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T10:00:15Z","timestamp":1690797615000},"page":"314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Application of Hydro-Based Morphological Models for Environmental Assessment of Watersheds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Silvio Lu\u00eds Rafaeli","family":"Neto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Av. Luiz de Cam\u00f5es 2090, Lages 88520-000, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa Jutel","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Av. Luiz de Cam\u00f5es 2090, Lages 88520-000, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emili Louise Diconcili","family":"Schutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Av. Luiz de Cam\u00f5es 2090, Lages 88520-000, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leticia Margarete","family":"de Moliner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Av. Luiz de Cam\u00f5es 2090, Lages 88520-000, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3312-2779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiane Gracieli","family":"Kloth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Av. Luiz de Cam\u00f5es 2090, Lages 88520-000, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daiane Teixeira","family":"Schier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Av. Luiz de Cam\u00f5es 2090, Lages 88520-000, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4212-228X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arsalan Ahmed","family":"Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iraq Geological Survey, Al-Andalus Square, Baghdad 10068, Iraq"},{"name":"Iraq Geological Survey, Department of Petroleum Engineering, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimaniyah 460013, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0564-7818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veraldo","family":"Liesenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Av. Luiz de Cam\u00f5es 2090, Lages 88520-000, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0247-8449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polyanna da Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Bispo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, School of Environment, Education and Development, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0198-9715(03)00019-X","article-title":"Defining a Hierarchy of Spatial Entities for Environmental Analysis and Modeling Using Digital Elevation Models (DEMs)","volume":"28","author":"MacMillan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2018.01.004","article-title":"Development of an Automated GIS Tool for Reproducing the HAND Terrain Model","volume":"102","author":"Rahmati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2019.04.001","article-title":"Applications in Geomorphology","volume":"366","author":"Keller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"171","article-title":"Land-Surface Parameters and Objects in Hydrology","volume":"33","author":"Gruber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.2001.tb00973.x","article-title":"The Concept of Hydrologic Landscapes","volume":"37","author":"Winter","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667909491834","article-title":"A Physically Based, Variable Contributing Area Model of Basin Hydrology","volume":"24","author":"Beven","year":"1979","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.03.018","article-title":"HAND, a New Terrain Descriptor Using SRTM-DEM: Mapping Terra-Firme Rainforest Environments in Amazonia","volume":"112","author":"Nobre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2011.03.051","article-title":"Height above the Nearest Drainage\u2014A Hydrologically Relevant New Terrain Model","volume":"404","author":"Nobre","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2011.12.047","article-title":"Distributed Hydrological Modeling of a Micro-Scale Rainforest Watershed in Amazonia: Model Evaluation and Advances in Calibration Using the New HAND Terrain Model","volume":"462\u2013463","author":"Cuartas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.11.081","article-title":"Terrain Mobility Estimation Using TWI and Airborne Gamma-Ray Data","volume":"232","author":"Mattila","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2016.11.008","article-title":"A two-dimensional hydro-morphological model for river hydraulics and morphology with vegetation","volume":"88","author":"Guan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"183","article-title":"LiDAR-Based TWI and Terrain Attributes in Improving Parametric Predictor for Tree Growth in Southeast Finland","volume":"62","author":"Mohamedou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"11817","article-title":"Effects of DEM Scale on TWI Spatial Distribution Effects of DEM Scale on the Spatial Distribution of the TOPMODEL Topographic Wetness Index and Its Correlations to Watershed Characteristics","volume":"12","author":"Drover","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1127\/zfg_suppl\/2016\/0328","article-title":"Topographic Wetness Index and Terrain Ruggedness Index in Geomorphic Characterisation of Landslide Terrains, on Examples from the Sudetes, SW Poland","volume":"61","author":"Michniewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Z. Fur Geomorphol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021WR029871","DOI":"10.1029\/2021WR029871","article-title":"Topographic Wetness Index as a Proxy for Soil Moisture: The Importance of Flow-Routing Algorithm and Grid Resolution","volume":"57","author":"Kemppinen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3207(96)00145-0","article-title":"Assessing habitat suitability at multiple scales: A landscape-level approach","volume":"81","author":"Riittersfl","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Ballerine, C. (2017). Topographic Wetness Index Urban Flooding Awareness Act Action Support Will and DuPage Counties, Illinois State Water Survey\u2014Prairie Research Institute\u2014University of Illinois."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3275","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-3275-2011","article-title":"Hydrological Landscape Classification: Investigating the Performance of HAND Based Landscape Classifications in a Central European Meso-Scale Catchment","volume":"15","author":"Gharari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.5327\/Z21769478892","article-title":"Use of HAND Terrain Descriptor for Estimating Flood-Prone Areas in River Basins","volume":"56","author":"Dantas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ci\u00eancias Ambient."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2019.104929","article-title":"Application of Artificial Neural Networks for Predicting Tree Survival and Mortality in the Hyrcanian Forest of Iran","volume":"164","author":"Bayat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-25-945-2021","article-title":"Diagnosis toward Predicting Mean Annual Runoff in Ungauged Basins","volume":"25","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon, H.A. (1960). The New Science of Management Decision, Harper and Row. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1037\/13978-000"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Chorley, R., and Kennedy, B. (1971). Physical Geography: A System Approach, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wojtkowski, W., Wojtkowski, W., Wrycza, S., and Zupancic, J. (1999). Systems Development Methods for Databases, Enterprise, Modelling, and Workflow Management, Kluwer Academic\/Plenum.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4261-2"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Longley Paul, A., Goodchild, M.F., Maguire, D.J., and Rhind, D.W. (2013). Sistemas e Ci\u00eancia Da Informa\u00e7\u00e3o Geogr\u00e1fica, Bookman. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-018-2086-2","article-title":"Efficacy of Rainfall-Runoff Models in Loose Coupling Spacial Decision Support Systems Modelbase","volume":"33","author":"Neto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Densham, P.J. (1991). Geographical Information Systems. Vol. 1: Principles, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Kobiyama, M., Mendonc\u0327a, M., Moreno, D.A., Marcelino, I.P.V.d.O., Marcelino, E.V., Gonc\u0327alves, E.F., Brazetti, L.L.P., Goerl, R.F., Molleri, G.S.F., and Rudorff, F.d.M. (2006). Preven\u00e7\u00e3o de Desastres Naturais Conceitos B\u00e1sicos, Organic Trading."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2022.101225","article-title":"Effects of Local Land-Use Policies and Anthropogenic Activities on Water Quality in the Upstream Sesan River Basin, Vietnam","volume":"44","author":"Tram","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iswcr.2021.03.001","article-title":"Recent Advances in Assessment of Soil Erosion Vulnerability in a Watershed","volume":"9","author":"Pandey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"100648","article-title":"Assessment of Land Use Land Cover Dynamics and Its Drivers in Bechet Watershed Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia","volume":"24","author":"Sisay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Appl."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2021.105566","article-title":"Relating Land-Use\/Land-Cover Patterns to Water Quality in Watersheds Based on the Structural Equation Modeling","volume":"206","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151082","article-title":"Effects of Climate and Land Use Changes on Water Quantity and Quality of Coastal Watersheds of Narragansett Bay","volume":"807","author":"Ross","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00890333","article-title":"The Geometric Signature: Quantifying Landslide-Terrain Types from Digital Elevation Models I","volume":"20","author":"Pike","year":"1988","journal-title":"Math Geol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-10-967-2006","article-title":"Pattern, Process, and Function in Landscape Ecology and Catchment Hydrology\u2014How Can Quantitative Landscape Ecology Support Predictions in Ungauged Basins?","volume":"10","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"31","article-title":"Mathematical and Digital Models of the Land Surface","volume":"33","author":"Hengl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Bishop, M.P., Young, B.W., and Huo, D. (2018). Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2018.02.074","article-title":"An Efficient Soil Water Balance Model Based on Hybrid Numerical and Statistical Methods","volume":"559","author":"Mao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Buuren, M., and Kerkstra, K. (2022, September 30). The Framework Concept and the Hydrological Landscape Structure: A New Perspective in the Design of Multifunctional Landscapes. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-011-2318-1_10.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-2318-1_10"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.5216\/bgg.v36i1.40378","article-title":"Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de Um Modelo Linear Local Na Determina\u00e7\u00e3o de Alturas Ortom\u00e9tricas Referidas Ao Sistema Geod\u00e9sico Brasileiro","volume":"36","author":"Neto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bol. Goiano Geogr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.3360050106","article-title":"The Prediction of Hillslope Flow Paths for Distributed Hydrological Modelling Using Digital Terrain Models","volume":"5","author":"Quinn","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1029\/95WR03716","article-title":"Toward a Generalization of the TOPMODEL Concepts: Topographic Indices of Hydrological Similarity","volume":"32","author":"Ambroise","year":"1996","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Du\u0161ek, J., Da\u0159enov\u00e1, E., Pavelka, M., and Marek, M.V. (2020). Climate Change and Soil Interactions, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1029\/96WR03137","article-title":"A New Method for the Determination of Flow Directions and Upslope Areas in Grid Digital Elevation Models","volume":"33","author":"Tarboton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.10581","article-title":"HAND Contour: A New Proxy Predictor of Inundation Extent","volume":"30","author":"Nobre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"200","article-title":"Desempenho Do Modelo Hand No Mapeamento de \u00c1reas Suscet\u00edveis \u00e0 Inunda\u00e7\u00e3o Usando Dados de Alta Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o Espacial","volume":"21","author":"Momo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Recur. H\u00eddricos"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-018-3952-1","article-title":"HAND (Height above Nearest Drainage) Tool and Satellite-Based Geospatial Analysis of Hyderabad (India) Urban Floods, September 2016","volume":"11","author":"Bhatt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Santa Catarina (2022, September 30). Plano de Recursos H\u00eddricos Da Bacia Hidrogr\u00e1fica Do Rio Canoinhas e Afluentes Catarinenses Do Rio Negro. Available online: https:\/\/www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br\/infoteca\/bitstream\/doc\/964417\/1\/BPD-46-2004-Santa-Catarina-.pdf."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2022, September 30). EMBRAPA SOLOS Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o Geogr\u00e1fica Dos Solos Do Estado de Santa Catarina, Available online: https:\/\/www.fapesc.sc.gov.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/pgrh-canoinhas_produto_3_etapa_c_final_rev21jul2020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"AMPLANORTE (2022, September 30). Plano de Desenvolvimento Regional Do Planalto Norte Catarinense. Available online: https:\/\/www.amplanorte.org.br\/cms\/pagina\/ver\/codMapaItem\/74869."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2022.101189","article-title":"A Comparison of Multiple Methods for Mapping Groundwater Levels in the Mu Us Sandy Land, China","volume":"43","author":"Rao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souza, C.M., Shimbo, J.Z., Rosa, M.R., Parente, L.L., Alencar, A.A., Rudorff, B.F.T., Hasenack, H., Matsumoto, M., Ferreira, L.G., and Souza-Filho, P.W.M. (2020). Reconstructing Three Decades of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Brazilian Biomes with Landsat Archive and Earth Engine. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12172735"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Avery, T.E. (1977). Interpretation of Aerial Photographs, Burgess Publishing Company. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"100573","article-title":"Evaluating the Monetary Environmental Compensation over a Hydroelectric Power Plant Based on Opportunity Cost Simulation, GIS, and Remote Sensing Images","volume":"23","author":"Souza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Appl."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, J.d.S., Liesenberg, V., Schimalski, M.B., de Sousa, R.V., Biffi, L.J., Gomes, A.R., Neto, S.L.R., Mitishita, E., and Bispo, P.d.C. (2021). Benefits of Combining Alos\/Palsar-2 and Sentinel-2a Data in the Classification of Land Cover Classes in the Santa Catarina Southern Plateau. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13020229"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"SDS (2013). Levantamento Aerofotogram\u00e9trico Do Estado de Santa Catarina. Secretaria de Estado Do Desenvolvimento Econ\u00f4mico e Sustent\u00e1vel, ENGEMAP."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1085(20000430)14:6<987::AID-HYP980>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Differences in Topographic Characteristics Computed from 100- and 1000-m Resolution Digital Elevation Model Data","volume":"14","author":"Wolock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1029\/94WR01971","article-title":"Effects of Digital Elevation Model Map Scale and Data Resolution on a Topography-Based Watershed Model","volume":"30","author":"Wolock","year":"1994","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109863","article-title":"Wetness Index Based on Landscape Position and Topography (WILT): Modifying TWI to Reflect Landscape Position","volume":"255","author":"Meles","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.3360090310","article-title":"Effects of Vertical Resolution and Map Scale of Digital Elevation Models on Geomorphological Parameters Used in Hydrology","volume":"9","author":"Willgoose","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camara, G., Vinhas, L., Ferreira, K.R., de Queiroz, G.R., de Souza, R.C.M., Monteiro, A.M.V., de Carvalho, M.T., Casanova, M.A., and de Freitas, U.M. (2008). TerraLib: An Open Source GIS Library for Large-Scale Environmental and Socio-Economic Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74831-1_12"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Nobre, A.D. (2022, September 30). A new landscape classification: The HAND Model. Available online: https:\/\/hess.copernicus.org\/preprints\/8\/C2446\/2011\/hessd-8-C2446-2011.pdf."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"ESRI (2017). ArcGis Release 10.5.1, ESRI."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1","article-title":"Varia\u00e7\u00e3o Nas \u00c1reas de Preserva\u00e7\u00e3o Permanente Em Im\u00f3veis Rurais Do Planalto Sul Catarinense Segundo as Leis N\u00b0 4.771 e 12.651","volume":"47","author":"Bonamigo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cienc. Rural"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"4381","article-title":"Land Classification Based on Hydrological Landscape Units","volume":"8","author":"Gharari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Schier, D.T. (2020). Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o Do \u00cdndice Topogr\u00e1fico de Umidade Para Detec\u00e7\u00e3o de Zonas Urbanas Inund\u00e1veis. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina]."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biffi, L.J., and Neto, S.L.R. (2008). Spatial Behavior of the Agronomic Variables of the Fuji Apple during Two Years in the Planalto Serrano of Santa Catarina State. Rev. Bras. Frutic, 975\u2013980.","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-29452008000400023"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1029\/WR004i003p00655","article-title":"Horton\u2019s Law of Stream Numbers, 3rd ed","volume":"4","author":"Scheidegger","year":"1968","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117253","article-title":"Assessing Effective Hydrological Connectivity for Floodplains with a Framework Integrating Habitat Suitability and Sediment Suspension Behavior","volume":"201","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1998.0384","article-title":"Best Management Practices for Stormwater-Runoff with Alternative Methods in a Large Urban Catchment in Berlin, Germany","volume":"38","author":"Sieker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1999.0537","article-title":"Best Management Practices Applied to Urban Runoff Quantity and Quality Control","volume":"39","author":"Braune","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.4136\/ambi-agua.1802","article-title":"Land Use and Water Quality Degradation in the Peixe-Boi River Watershed","volume":"11","author":"Pereira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ambiente \u00c1gua"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.5965\/223811712012021074","article-title":"Assessed Impact of Anthropization on Water and Soil Quality in a Drainage Basin in Southern Brazil","volume":"20","author":"Wroblescki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. De Ci\u00eancias Agroveterin\u00e1rias"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.2179-0892.geousp.2015.99771","article-title":"An\u00e1lise Do Comportamento de Sistemas Urbanos Por Meio de Componentes de Sistemas Hidrol\u00f3gicos","volume":"19","author":"Neto","year":"2015","journal-title":"GEOUSP Espa\u00e7o E Tempo"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(2004)130:6(684)","article-title":"History of Innovative Best Management Practice Development and Its Role in Addressing Water Quality Limited Waterbodies","volume":"130","author":"Ice","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.01.1233","article-title":"Urban Flood Disaster Management","volume":"Volume 32","author":"Tingsanchali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Procedia Engineering"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Woods Ballard, B. (2016). Construction Industry Research and Information Association. The SuDS Manual, CIRIA."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maidment, D., Rajib, A., Lin, P., and Clark, E.P. (2016). National Water Center Innovators Program Summer Institute Report 2016, National Water Center.","DOI":"10.4211\/technical.20161019"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/12\/8\/314\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:23:04Z","timestamp":1760127784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/12\/8\/314"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi12080314"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi12080314","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]}}}