{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:22:31Z","timestamp":1760149351324,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42271449","S202310491067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271449","S202310491067"]}]},{"name":"national college students\u2019 innovation and entrepreneurship training program","award":["42271449","S202310491067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271449","S202310491067"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the advent of the information age and rapid population growth, the urban transportation environment is deteriorating. Travel-route planning is a key issue in modern sustainable transportation systems. When conducting route planning, identifying the spatiotemporal disparities between planned routes and the routes chosen by actual drivers, as well as their underlying reasons, is an important method for optimizing route planning. In this study, we explore the spatial\u2013temporal differences between planned routes and actual routes by studying the popular roads which are avoided by drivers (denoted as: PRAD) from car-hailing trajectories. By applying an improved Hidden Markov Model (HMM) map-matching algorithm to the original trajectories, we obtain the Origin-Destination (OD) matrix of vehicle travel and its corresponding actual routes, as well as the planned routes generated by the A* routing algorithm. We utilize the Jaccard index to quantify the similarity between actual and planned routes for the same OD pairs. The causes of PRADs are detected and further analyzed from the perspective of traffic conditions. By analyzing ride-hailing trajectories provided by DiDi, we examine the route behavior of drivers in Wuhan city on weekdays and weekends and discuss the relationship between traffic conditions and PRADs. The results indicate that the average accuracy of GNSS trajectory point-to-road map-matching reaches 88.83%, which is approximately 12% higher than the accuracy achieved by the HMM map-matching method proposed by Hu et al. Furthermore, the analysis of PRAD causes reveals that PRADs occurring on weekdays account for approximately 65% and are significantly associated with traffic congestion and accidents during that time. The findings of this study provide insights for future research on sustainable transportation systems and contribute to the development of improved route-planning strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12080319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T09:14:40Z","timestamp":1690881280000},"page":"319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatial\u2013Temporal Analysis of Vehicle Routing Problem from Online Car-Hailing Trajectories"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xuyu","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zihan","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Resource Management, Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5786-6505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3523-8994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luliang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almatar, K.M. 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