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Therefore, this study considers urban ecological space as a constraint mechanism for UUS development and conducts a simulation study of the dynamic and complex UUS growth process, with a view toward guiding UUS planning under a long-term overall vision. In this study, a patch-based cellular automaton (CA) model is constructed to simulate the dynamic and complex growth process of UUS, subject to the ecological constraints generated by the agent-based land allocation optimization model. The spatial drivers of UUS growth simulation are determined based on the Random Forest (RF) algorithm. The results of the research case in Tianfu New District, Chengdu City, demonstrate that UUS expansion with ecological constraints exhibits sustainable characteristics. However, the growth rate of the UUS development scale is significantly lower when ecological constraints are present compared to when they are not. This study\u2019s results contribute to urban management by finding a balance between UUS development and ecological space conservation, and providing theoretical support for rational UUS planning and decision making in the construction of low-carbon cities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12100387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T03:45:23Z","timestamp":1695699923000},"page":"387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Growth Simulations of Urban Underground Space with Ecological Constraints Using a Patch-Based Cellular Automaton"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7117-0301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingxiang","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Underground Space, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China"},{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongjun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Underground Space, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhilong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Underground Space, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China"},{"name":"College of Urban Rail Transit, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanhua","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Underground Space, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junyuan","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2020.102832","article-title":"Urban Mobility Transitions through GDP Growth: Policy Choices Facing Cities in Developing Countries","volume":"88","author":"Teoh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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