{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T06:51:06Z","timestamp":1767423066546,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42101430","22YJCZH130","2022PGE006","2023005","2020VGE04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101430","22YJCZH130","2022PGE006","2023005","2020VGE04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of education of Humanities and Social Science project","award":["42101430","22YJCZH130","2022PGE006","2023005","2020VGE04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101430","22YJCZH130","2022PGE006","2023005","2020VGE04"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Physical Geographic Environment","award":["42101430","22YJCZH130","2022PGE006","2023005","2020VGE04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101430","22YJCZH130","2022PGE006","2023005","2020VGE04"]}]},{"name":"Natural Resource Science and Technology Plan Project supported by Natural Resources Department of Jiangsu Province","award":["42101430","22YJCZH130","2022PGE006","2023005","2020VGE04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101430","22YJCZH130","2022PGE006","2023005","2020VGE04"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Key Lab of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education","award":["42101430","22YJCZH130","2022PGE006","2023005","2020VGE04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101430","22YJCZH130","2022PGE006","2023005","2020VGE04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Night-time light data (NTL) have been extensively utilized to map urban fringe areas, but to date, there has not been a comprehensive evaluation of the existing spatial clustering methods for delineating the urban fringe using different types of night-time light data. Therefore, we first selected three popular sources of night-time light data (i.e., NPP\/VIIRS, Luojia 1-01, and NASA\u2019s Black Marble) to identify the urban fringe. The recognition of spatial mutations across the urban\u2013rural gradient was conducted based on changes in night light intensity using a spatial continuous wavelet transform model. Then, we employed three representative dual spatial clustering approaches (i.e., MK-Means, DBSC, and DSC) for extracting urban fringe areas using different NTL. By using dual spatial clustering, the spatial patterns of the mutation points were effectively transformed into homogeneous spatially adjacent clusters, enabling the measurement of similarity between mutation points. Taking Nanjing city, one of China\u2019s megacities, as the study area, we found that (1) Compared with the fragmented and concentrated results obtained from the Luojia 1-01, NASA\u2019s Black Marble and NPP\/VIIRS data can effectively capture the abrupt change of urban fringes with NTL variations; (2) DSC provided a reliable approach for accurately extracting urban fringe areas using NASA\u2019s Black Marble data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12100408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T07:47:52Z","timestamp":1696405672000},"page":"408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Using Dual Spatial Clustering Models for Urban Fringe Areas Extraction Based on Night-time Light Data: Comparison of NPP\/VIIRS, Luojia 1-01, and NASA\u2019s Black Marble"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1745-3319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}]},{"given":"Ziqi","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5355-2015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Mengyao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6696-975X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaming","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Physical Geographic Environment, Chuzhou 239004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Jiazhu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-020-0521-x","article-title":"High-spatiotemporal-resolution mapping of global urban change from 1985 to 2015","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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