{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T10:22:55Z","timestamp":1779358975164,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Industry, Employment, Innovation and Trade of the Government of Cantabria","award":["2023\/TCN\/007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/TCN\/007"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation of the Government of Spain","award":["2023\/TCN\/007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/TCN\/007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The reduction of urban congestion represents one of the main challenges for increasing sustainability. This implies the necessity to increase our knowledge of urban mobility and traffic. The fundamental diagram (FD) is a possible tool for analyzing the traffic conditions on an urban road link. FD is commonly associated with the links of a transport network, but it has recently been extended to the whole transport network and named the network macroscopic fundamental diagram (NMFD). When used at the link or network level, the FD is important for supporting the simulation, design, planning, and control of the transport system. Recently, floating car data (FCD), which are based on vehicles\u2019 trajectories using GPS, are able to provide the trajectories of a number of vehicles circulating on the network. The objective of this paper is to integrate FCD with traffic data obtained from traditional loop-detector technology for building FDs. Its research contribution concerns the proposal of a methodology for the extraction of speed data from taxi FCD, corresponding to a specific link section, and the calibration of FDs from FCD and loop detector data. The methodology has been applied to a real case in the city of Santander. The first results presented are encouraging, supporting the paper\u2019s thesis that FCD can be integrated with data obtained from loop detectors to build FD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12100418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T12:46:13Z","timestamp":1697114773000},"page":"418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Estimation of a Fundamental Diagram with Heterogeneous Data Sources: Experimentation in the City of Santander"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2475-3325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Borja","family":"Alonso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Transportes y Tecnolog\u00eda de Proyectos y Procesos (DTTPP), Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5258-7331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Musolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, delle Infrastrutture e dell'Energia Sostenibile (DIIES), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2614-9770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corrado","family":"Rindone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, delle Infrastrutture e dell'Energia Sostenibile (DIIES), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonino","family":"Vitetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, delle Infrastrutture e dell'Energia Sostenibile (DIIES), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zambrano-Martinez, J.L., Calafate, C.T., Soler, D., Cano, J.C., and Manzoni, P. 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