{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:42:09Z","timestamp":1760150529837,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, the Ministry of Land and Resources","award":["KF-2022-07-007","2022YFC3800604","2022A1515010117","20220810160944001","41901325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-2022-07-007","2022YFC3800604","2022A1515010117","20220810160944001","41901325"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["KF-2022-07-007","2022YFC3800604","2022A1515010117","20220810160944001","41901325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-2022-07-007","2022YFC3800604","2022A1515010117","20220810160944001","41901325"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["KF-2022-07-007","2022YFC3800604","2022A1515010117","20220810160944001","41901325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-2022-07-007","2022YFC3800604","2022A1515010117","20220810160944001","41901325"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["KF-2022-07-007","2022YFC3800604","2022A1515010117","20220810160944001","41901325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-2022-07-007","2022YFC3800604","2022A1515010117","20220810160944001","41901325"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["KF-2022-07-007","2022YFC3800604","2022A1515010117","20220810160944001","41901325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-2022-07-007","2022YFC3800604","2022A1515010117","20220810160944001","41901325"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: The smart city management system, with GIS technology as its core, is based on realistic visualization of multiple types of 3D model data syntheses. However, the efficiency barriers to achieving smooth and continuous visualization from outdoor scenes to small indoor scenes remain a challenge. (2) Methods: This paper uses the visibility prediction method to obtain potential visual sets at three levels\u2014outdoor, indoor and outdoor connection, and indoor\u2014and constructs an R-tree spatial index structure for organizing potential visual sets. By integrating these potential visible sets with spatial indexes, scene visualization can be carried out effectively. (3) Results: A near-reality indoor and outdoor scene was used for experimentation, resulting in stable 10% fluctuation visual frame rates around 90 FPS. (4) Conclusions: Spatial indexing methods that combine potential visible sets can effectively solve the continuity and stability problem of indoor and outdoor scene visualization in smart city management systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12120498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T11:09:30Z","timestamp":1702379370000},"page":"498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Visibility-Based R-Tree Spatial Index for Consistent Visualization in Indoor and Outdoor Scenes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1841-1970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengpeng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Polytechnic Center for Territory Spatial Big-Data, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Digital Twin Technologies for Cities, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shenzhen 518040, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6340-7452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Kuai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Polytechnic Center for Territory Spatial Big-Data, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhigang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Digital Twin Technologies for Cities, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haojia","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shenzhen 518040, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renzhong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalogianni, E., van Oosterom, P., Dimopoulou, E., and Lemmen, C. 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